Elizabeth I of Russia

Elizabeth I of Russia

1709 — 1762

Empire russe, tsarat de Moscou

PoliticsMilitaryEarly Modern18th century — Early Modern period, age of enlightened absolute monarchies in Europe

Daughter of Peter the Great, Elizabeth I ruled Russia from 1741 to 1762. Her reign was marked by a flourishing of culture, the founding of Moscow University, and Russia's victorious participation in the Seven Years' War.

Key Facts

  • 1709: born at Kolomenskoye, daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine I
  • 1741: seized power in a coup against Ivan VI, backed by the Imperial Guard
  • 1755: founded Moscow University, the first university in Russia
  • 1756–1763: Russia's involvement in the Seven Years' War alongside France and Austria
  • 1762: death of Elizabeth I; succeeded by Peter III, then Catherine the Great

Works & Achievements

Founding of Moscow University (1755)

Russia's first university open to commoners, established at the initiative of Mikhail Lomonosov and supported by Elizabeth. It stands as the defining intellectual legacy of her reign and remains a leading institution to this day.

Construction of the Winter Palace (Saint Petersburg) (1754–1762)

Commissioned from architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli, this masterpiece of Russian Baroque would later house the Hermitage Museum. Elizabeth personally oversaw the construction but died before its completion.

Tsarskoye Selo — Catherine Palace (1752–1756)

The imperial summer residence completely redesigned by Rastrelli under Elizabeth's direction, including the legendary Amber Room gifted by Frederick William I of Prussia. A defining symbol of Elizabethan Baroque splendor.

Founding of the Imperial Academy of Arts, Saint Petersburg (1757)

An institution established to train Russian artists to European standards, reflecting Elizabeth's ambition to cultivate a national culture. It helped give rise to a distinctly Russian school of painting and sculpture.

Abolition of Capital Punishment Decree (1744)

A decree abolishing executions in Russia, making Elizabeth one of the first monarchs in Europe to adopt such a measure. Not a single execution took place during her twenty-year reign.

Franco-Austro-Russian Alliance and Entry into the Seven Years' War (1756–1762)

Elizabeth joined the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 and committed Russia to the anti-Prussian coalition. Russian victories at Gross-Jägersdorf, Kunersdorf, and the capture of Berlin established Russia as a major military power.

Anecdotes

Elizabeth seized the throne in 1741 through a nocturnal coup: she went in person to the Preobrazhensky regiment's barracks, put on a military uniform, and rallied the soldiers. Without a single drop of blood being shed, the young Ivan VI was overthrown and Elizabeth was proclaimed Empress that very night.

A passionate fashion lover, Elizabeth owned more than fifteen thousand dresses at the time of her death. She issued decrees forbidding her ladies-in-waiting to wear the same hairstyle or the same colors as her, ensuring she would always stand out as the most striking figure at court balls and festivities.

Elizabeth abolished the death penalty in Russia in 1744, making her one of the first European monarchs to take such a step. Not a single execution took place during her twenty-year reign — a remarkable exception in Enlightenment-era Europe.

During the Seven Years' War, Russian armies defeated the Prussians at Zorndorf and Kunersdorf (1759), putting Frederick II in a desperate position. When Elizabeth died in January 1762, her successor Peter III — a great admirer of Frederick — immediately signed a peace treaty, saving Prussia at the last moment. Historians call this event the 'Miracle of the House of Brandenburg.'

The daughter of Peter the Great and a peasant woman who became tsarina, Elizabeth had received no formal education in governance. Yet on the advice of the scholar Mikhail Lomonosov, she founded Moscow University in 1755, opening higher education to commoners for the first time in Russia.

Primary Sources

Manifesto of Accession to the Throne of Elizabeth I (November 25, 1741) (25 novembre 1741)
We, Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, have deigned to ascend the throne of Russia, as the rightful heir of our beloved father, for the salvation and prosperity of our Empire.
Decree Founding the University of Moscow (12 janvier 1755)
A university is hereby established in Moscow comprising three faculties — law, medicine, and philosophy — to educate learned subjects in the service of the Russian state, without distinction of birth.
Memoirs of Princess Dashkova (circa 1805)
Empress Elizabeth ruled with a natural majesty that few sovereigns possess. Her court rivaled Versailles in splendor, and no one could contest her place as the most commanding presence in any room.
Report by French Ambassador La Chétardie on the 1741 Coup (décembre 1741)
Princess Elizabeth presented herself to the grenadiers in uniform, declaring that she had come to claim her father's throne. The soldiers acclaimed her unanimously, and the matter was settled before dawn.
Diplomatic Correspondence of Frederick II of Prussia (janvier 1762)
The death of Empress Elizabeth saves me from certain ruin. Her armies had brought me to my knees; Providence alone has changed the course of this war.

Key Places

Winter Palace, Saint Petersburg

Elisabeth's main residence, rebuilt by Bartolomeo Rastrelli in the Elizabethan Baroque style between 1754 and 1762. This monumental palace, now home to the world-famous Hermitage Museum, is the enduring symbol of her magnificent reign.

Catherine Palace, Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin)

The imperial summer residence expanded by Elisabeth, adorned with the famous Amber Room. This Baroque palace embodied Elisabeth's ambition to establish Russia as a major European cultural power.

Moscow University (Mokhovaya Street)

Founded by Elisabeth in 1755 at the suggestion of the scholar Lomonosov, it was the first Russian university open to all social classes. It remains one of the most prestigious universities in the country to this day.

Kolomenskoye, Moscow

Elisabeth's birthplace in 1709, a former summer residence of the tsars on the outskirts of Moscow. It was here that Peter the Great received news of the victory at Poltava, the very year his daughter was born.

Battle of Kunersdorf (Prussia)

Site of the decisive Russo-Austrian victory on August 12, 1759 against Frederick II of Prussia during the Seven Years' War. This battle stands as a testament to Russia's military strength under Elisabeth.

Gallery


Russian:  ««Портрет императрицы Елизаветы Петровны» (1709–1762)»Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (1709–1762)title QS:P1476,ru:"«Портрет императрицы Елизаветы Петровны» (1709–1762)"label QS:Lru,

Russian: ««Портрет императрицы Елизаветы Петровны» (1709–1762)»Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (1709–1762)title QS:P1476,ru:"«Портрет императрицы Елизаветы Петровны» (1709–1762)"label QS:Lru,

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Charles André van Loo


Portrait of Elizabeth of Russia (1709-1762)

Portrait of Elizabeth of Russia (1709-1762)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Georg Cristoph Grooth


Russian:  «ЕЛизавета Петровна»Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (1709-1761)title QS:P1476,ru:"ЕЛизавета Петровна"label QS:Lru,"ЕЛизавета Петровна"label QS:Len,"Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petr

Russian: «ЕЛизавета Петровна»Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (1709-1761)title QS:P1476,ru:"ЕЛизавета Петровна"label QS:Lru,"ЕЛизавета Петровна"label QS:Len,"Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petr

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Louis Tocqué


Portrait of Elisabeth Petrovna (1709-1761)

Portrait of Elisabeth Petrovna (1709-1761)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Heinrich Buchholz

Elizabeth of Russia by V.Eriksen

Elizabeth of Russia by V.Eriksen

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Vigilius Eriksen

Указ об основании Московского Университета

Указ об основании Московского Университета

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Елизавета Петровна, И. И. Шувалов и М. В. Ломоносов

Signatur Elisabeth (Russland)

Signatur Elisabeth (Russland)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Elisabeth_(Russland)

Elizabeth of Russia signature

Elizabeth of Russia signature

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Ain92

Медаль в честь основания Москов.университета 1754г. Рис. ГИМ e1cr

Медаль в честь основания Москов.университета 1754г. Рис. ГИМ e1cr

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Деферт (гравер)


Drinking Bowl (Kovsh)

Drinking Bowl (Kovsh)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Vasilli Matveev Kunkin

See also