Itzamná is the supreme deity of the Maya pantheon, creator of the world and inventor of hieroglyphic writing. God of the sky, wisdom, and medicine, he is depicted as a wise old man. He is the husband of Ixchel, goddess of the moon.
Itzamná
Itzamná
8 min read
Frequently asked questions
Key Facts
- Itzamná is considered the supreme god and creator in Classic Maya religion
- He is associated with the invention of hieroglyphic writing and the Maya calendar
- His name roughly means 'House of the Iguana' or 'Celestial Lizard' in Yucatec Maya
- He is the son of Hunab Ku, the abstract supreme deity of the Maya
- His cult was particularly prominent on the Yucatán Peninsula in the pre-Columbian era
Works & Achievements
According to Maya cosmogony, Itzamná is the creator of the world and of human beings, shaping the universe across multiple levels (13 heavens and 9 underworld levels) and giving humanity its place in the cosmic order.
Itzamná is credited with the invention of Maya hieroglyphs, one of the few fully developed writing systems in pre-Columbian America, enabling the recording of history, prophecies, and ceremonies.
He is considered the inventor of the Maya calendar, composed of the Tzolk'in (260 days) and the Haab (365 days), together forming the 52-year Calendar Round that structured all aspects of Maya life.
Itzamná is said to have revealed to humanity the medicinal properties of plants and healing techniques. Maya healers (ah men) invoked his name before treating the sick.
According to Maya tradition, Itzamná himself is said to have founded the city of Izamal in the Yucatán and to have resided there, making it the spiritual heart of his worship throughout the peninsula.
Anecdotes
Itzamná is considered the inventor of Maya hieroglyphic writing. According to traditions recorded in the Books of Chilam Balam, it was he who taught the first humans the art of tracing signs on bark paper (amate), making it possible to preserve the memory of the gods, calendars, and laws. Without him, Maya civilization could not have passed its knowledge down through the generations.
Itzamná is associated with the sun and holds a central place in the Maya cosmic cycle. He is often depicted as a toothless old man with a wrinkled face, symbolizing age and boundless wisdom. He embodies both the rising sun (Kinich Ahau) and nocturnal wisdom, making him a two-faced deity who governs the sky from dawn to dusk.
As the husband of Ixchel, goddess of the moon, medicine, and weaving, Itzamná forms a complementary divine couple with her. Together, they symbolize the balance of the Maya cosmos: he represents the daytime sky and knowledge, while she represents the waters, the night, and fertility. Several temples were dedicated to them jointly on the island of Cozumel, an important pilgrimage site.
The city of Izamal, in present-day Yucatán, was considered the holy city of Itzamná. The Maya venerated a great statue of the deity there, and pilgrims came from across the peninsula to pay homage and seek healing. Diego de Landa, a Spanish priest of the 16th century, reports that the Maya believed Itzamná had personally founded this city and lived there.
Itzamná is the master of Tamoanchan, a mythical paradise located between the sky and the earth where the gods created the first human beings. This symbolic place is mentioned in several Mesoamerican sources as the cradle of civilization and of sacred maize, the founding food of humanity according to Maya cosmogony.
Primary Sources
Itzamná, lord of the sky, created the first days and gave humanity the means to count time and speak to the gods. His name means 'House of the Lizard,' and his wisdom governs the heavens.
They believed in one living and true god, Itzamná, whom they called grandfather, and they worshipped him especially at Izamal, where they brought him offerings and prayed for the healing of the sick.
The divinatory almanacs of the Dresden Codex depict Itzamná as an old man holding a scepter, presiding over New Year ceremonies and the cycles of the tzolk'in calendar.
Itzamná appears in several sections of the Madrid Codex as the deity of scribes and protector of knowledge, associated with agricultural rituals and medicinal practices.
Key Places
A holy city dedicated to Itzamna, nicknamed 'the yellow city'. The Maya venerated a great statue of the deity there and came on pilgrimage from across the peninsula to seek healings and divine favors.
A Mesoamerican mythical paradise and home of the creator gods, including Itzamna. This celestial realm situated between sky and earth is described in sacred texts as the cradle of humanity and maize civilization.
A great Maya city of the Postclassic period and a major religious and political center of the Yucatán. Several structures there are associated with the cult of the sky and the cosmic gods, including Itzamna — notably the Observatory (El Caracol).
A sacred island in the Caribbean Sea and a pilgrimage site dedicated to the divine couple Itzamna and Ixchel. Maya women traveled there to invoke fertility, and sailors to seek divine protection.
A great Classic Maya city renowned for its exceptional hieroglyphic inscriptions. The texts of Palenque trace the divine genealogy of its kings back to Itzamna as the mythical ancestor of rulers.
Typical Objects
A sacred scepter shaped like a serpent or hybrid creature, an attribute of Maya kings and gods including Itzamna. It symbolizes divine power transmitted from the heavens to the earth and was held by rulers during enthronement ceremonies.
A book made of folded fig-bark paper (*amate*), accordion-style, on which Maya scribes recorded sacred texts and almanacs. Itzamna, inventor of writing, is the patron and protector of these objects of knowledge.
A clay vessel in which copal — a sacred tree resin — was burned to communicate with the gods. Itzamna regularly received copal offerings during Maya New Year ceremonies.
The most sacred precious stone of the Maya, associated with water, fertility, and immortality. Large statues and masks of Itzamna were often adorned with jade, symbolizing his divine and eternal nature.
Itzamna is sometimes depicted as a great bird, often identified as a heron or a serpent-bird. This winged avatar symbolizes his dominion over the sky and his role as a messenger between worlds.
As the god of medicine, Itzamna is associated with healing plants whose properties he is said to have revealed to humanity. Maya physicians (*ah men*) placed themselves under his protection before administering treatment.
School Curriculum
Vocabulary & Tags
Key Vocabulary
Tags
Daily Life
Morning
According to Maya mythology, Itzamná begins each day by guiding the sun at its rising, from the depths of the underworld to the height of the sky. As Kinich Ahau (Lord of the Solar Eye), he ensures that light returns every morning, guaranteeing the continuation of the world. Maya priests offered him copal at daybreak to give thanks.
Afternoon
During the day, Itzamná presides from the celestial heights over human affairs, dictating prophecies and guiding scribes in their work of transcribing sacred knowledge. Ceremonies in his honor took place in his temples, where priests consulted the codices to interpret his will through the movements of the stars and the calendar.
Evening
In the evening, Itzamná begins his descent into the underworld (Xibalba), transforming into a wise old man to cross its nine subterranean levels. This nightly journey symbolizes the daily death and rebirth of the sun. The Maya offered him prayers at sunset so that he might return safely the following morning.
Food
As a deity, Itzamná feeds symbolically on the offerings made to him by the Maya: copal, ritual blood, maize tamales, hot cacao, and flowers. Maize, the founding food of humanity, holds a central place among these offerings, recalling that Itzamná is said to have taught its cultivation to humankind.
Clothing
In the codices and sculptures, Itzamná is depicted wearing a great headdress adorned with feathers and jade, a symbol of his supreme rank in the pantheon. His toothless old man's face is decorated with jade ornaments and body paint. He sometimes wears a feathered cloak recalling his celestial nature and his connection to divine birds.
Housing
Itzamná resides in the thirteenth and highest level of the Maya sky, a celestial palace beyond the clouds known as Tamoanchan or Oxlahuntiku. This divine dwelling is surrounded by the thirteen celestial gods and accessible only to the souls of the worthy deceased. On earth, his temples at Izamal and in other cities served as symbolic residences where his presence was invoked during ceremonies.
Historical Timeline
Period Vocabulary
Liens externes & ressources
Références
Œuvres
Création du monde et des premiers hommes
Temps mythiques
Invention de l'écriture hiéroglyphique maya
Temps mythiques
Création du calendrier maya
Temps mythiques
Transmission de la médecine
Temps mythiques
Fondation d'Izamal
Tradition rapportée par Diego de Landa, 1566
