La Voisin

Catherine Deshayes

1640 — 1680

royaume de France

SocietyPoliticsEarly Modern17th century — Reign of Louis XIV, royal absolutism and the Affair of the Poisons

Poisoner, fortune-teller, and abortionist in 17th-century Paris, Catherine Deshayes was the central figure of the Affair of the Poisons (1679–1682). Supplying poisons, love potions, and black masses to an aristocratic clientele, she was burned alive at the Place de Grève in 1680.

Key Facts

  • Born around 1640, Catherine Deshayes worked as a midwife and fortune-teller in Paris from the 1660s onward.
  • She supplied poisons and love potions to an aristocratic clientele, including several members of Louis XIV's court.
  • In 1679, the Affair of the Poisons erupted; Louis XIV established a special tribunal known as the Chambre ardente to try the suspects.
  • Arrested in March 1679, she denounced many noble names under torture, including Madame de Montespan.
  • Sentenced to death, she was burned alive at the Place de Grève in Paris on February 22, 1680.

Works & Achievements

Poison and 'inheritance powder' sales network (1660s–1679)

La Voisin spent nearly twenty years building a clandestine supply network for poisons made from arsenic and toxic plants. This network served a clientele ranging from jealous bourgeois women to high-ranking aristocrats eager to eliminate a husband or a rival.

Fortune-telling and cartomancy practice (1660s–1679)

Her official trade as a fortune-teller and card reader served as a legal front to attract and retain wealthy clients. This double life allowed her to prosper for years before La Reynie's investigation dismantled her network.

Organization of black masses (1670s–1679)

La Voisin orchestrated sacrilegious ceremonies in her garden and in secret locations, in collaboration with defrocked priests including Abbé Guibourg. These black masses were the most spectacular and most incriminating aspect of her activities, directly implicating illustrious names from the royal court.

Clandestine abortion practice (1660s–1679)

Known by the euphemism 'angel-maker,' La Voisin performed clandestine abortions for women of all social classes. This activity, criminally prosecuted under the Ancien Régime, reveals the social reality of a world in which women had no legal recourse.

Anecdotes

La Voisin received her clients in a lavish house on the rue Beauregard in Paris, where she would appear dressed in a ceremonial robe embroidered with golden eagles, which she wore during black masses. This theatrical staging impressed a clientele ranging from bourgeois women to great ladies of the court of Versailles.

Among her most illustrious clients was the Marquise de Montespan, Louis XIV's favorite. According to confessions gathered during the investigation, she allegedly ordered love potions intended to maintain the king's attachment, and even black masses celebrated over her own naked body used as an altar.

Arrested in March 1679 as she left Sunday mass, Catherine Deshayes was taken to the Bastille and then to the Château de Vincennes. She long refused to implicate her accomplices despite torture sessions under both ordinary and extraordinary questioning, displaying a composure that astonished her interrogators.

On February 22, 1680, La Voisin was burned alive at the Place de Grève before an enormous crowd. Witnesses reported that she hurled insults at the spectators, pushed away the crucifix presented to her, and struggled until the very end, refusing all public contrition — a scandalous attitude that fueled chronicles for decades.

La Voisin also performed clandestine abortions, an activity her contemporaries referred to as being a 'maker of angels.' According to the clerk of the Chambre ardente, she herself claimed to have 'destroyed' more than two thousand children over the course of her career — a figure likely exaggerated, but revealing of the scale of her network.

Primary Sources

Minutes of the Chambre ardente — interrogations of Catherine Deshayes (1679-1680)
The said Deshayes confessed to having supplied powders and poisons to various persons of quality, and to having arranged for masses to be celebrated for sacrilegious purposes, all in exchange for money.
Memoirs of Nicolas de La Reynie — personal notes (1679)
This woman is of an extraordinary character in her boldness and obstinacy. She names few accomplices and appears to fear neither death nor torture.
Gazette de France — account of La Voisin's execution (1680)
On the twenty-second day of February 1680, Catherine Deshayes, known as La Voisin, convicted of crimes of sorcery, poisoning, and sacrilege, was burned alive at the Place de Grève, having refused to the last the consolations of religion.
Correspondence of Madame de Sévigné (February 1680)
They say that La Voisin drank shamelessly on the day before her execution; she sang songs. This morning she was given the retentum — that is, she was strangled before being thrown into the fire.
Recueil Clairambault — documents relating to the Affair of the Poisons (1680-1682)
The list of persons implicated in La Voisin's practices includes names from the most illustrious families of the kingdom, which made the investigation extremely delicate and compelled the king to order secrecy over several depositions.

Key Places

La Voisin's House, rue Beauregard, Paris

It was in this house in the Saint-Denis district that Catherine Deshayes received her clients and prepared her poisons and love potions. She also held secret ceremonies in the garden there, according to confessions gathered during the investigation.

Château de Vincennes

After her arrest in March 1679, La Voisin was first imprisoned at the Château de Vincennes, where the initial interrogations conducted by Nicolas de La Reynie took place. This royal detention facility held many of the accused in the Affair of the Poisons.

The Bastille, Paris

La Voisin was subsequently transferred to the Bastille, the royal fortress-prison, where interrogations and sessions of torture continued. It was there that she made her most important revelations about her accomplices and clients.

Place de Grève, Paris

Now known as the Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville, the Place de Grève was the traditional site of public executions in Paris. It was here that Catherine Deshayes was burned at the stake on February 22, 1680, before a large crowd described by chroniclers of the time.

Paris Arsenal — seat of the Chambre ardente

The Chambre ardente, a special tribunal established by Louis XIV to investigate the Affair of the Poisons, sat at the Paris Arsenal. It was before this court that La Voisin and dozens of her accomplices were tried between 1679 and 1682.

Gallery

Catherine Deshayes (Monvoisin, dite «La Voisin») 1680

Catherine Deshayes (Monvoisin, dite «La Voisin») 1680

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Antoine Coypel

Portrait de Catherine Deshayes, veuve Montvoisin, dite La Voisin

Portrait de Catherine Deshayes, veuve Montvoisin, dite La Voisin

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Antoine Coypel

Mise à la question de la Voisin. G.38605

Mise à la question de la Voisin. G.38605

Wikimedia Commons, CC0 — Berveiller, Edouard (Faulquemont), graveur

Interrogatoire de la Voisin (1680), G.38606

Interrogatoire de la Voisin (1680), G.38606

Wikimedia Commons, CC0 — Dochy, Henri Auguste (Lille, en 1851), graveur

Interrogatoire de la Voisin (1680), G.38606(2)

Interrogatoire de la Voisin (1680), G.38606(2)

Wikimedia Commons, CC0 — Dochy, Henri Auguste (Lille, en 1851), graveur


History of the Bastile, and of its principal captives

History of the Bastile, and of its principal captives

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Davenport, R. A. (Richard Alfred), 1777?-1852


Prince Eugene and his times. An historical novel

Prince Eugene and his times. An historical novel

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Mühlbach, L. (Luise), 1814-1873 Chaudron, A. de V. (Adelaide de Vendel), tr


Prince Eugene and his times : an historical novel

Prince Eugene and his times : an historical novel

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Mühlbach, L. (Luise), 1814-1873


Prince Eugene and his times : an historical novel

Prince Eugene and his times : an historical novel

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Mühlbach, L. (Luise), 1814-1873


Prince Eugene and his times : an historical novel

Prince Eugene and his times : an historical novel

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Mundt, Klara (Müller), Frau, 1814-1873

See also