Vespasian

Vespasian

9 — 79

Rome antique

MilitaryPoliticsAntiquityEarly Roman Empire (1st century AD)

Vespasian (9–79 AD) was the ninth Roman emperor and founder of the Flavian dynasty. A general of equestrian background, he rose to power after the civil war of 69 AD. His reign marked a period of stability and reconstruction following the excesses of Nero.

Famous Quotes

« Money has no smell. »
« I think I am becoming a god. »

Key Facts

  • 69 AD: Vespasian prevails during the civil war known as the 'Year of the Four Emperors'
  • 70 AD: his son Titus crushes the Jewish revolt and destroys the Temple in Jerusalem
  • 72 AD: construction begins on the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre) in Rome
  • Vespasian reforms the empire's finances, which had been severely depleted under Nero
  • 79 AD: death of Vespasian; his son Titus succeeds him

Works & Achievements

Flavian Amphitheatre (Colosseum) (72–80 AD)

Vespasian initiated the construction of this iconic monument in Rome, financed by the spoils of the Judean campaign. Inaugurated under Titus, it could hold 50,000 spectators and remains a symbol of Roman power to this day.

Templum Pacis (Temple of Peace) (75 AD)

Built to celebrate the victory in Judea, this forum housed the treasures of the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah. It became one of the most admired monuments of ancient Rome.

Reform of Imperial Finances (69–79 AD)

Vespasian restored the Empire's finances, which had been ruined by Nero and the civil war, by introducing new taxes (including the famous tax on public urinals) and cutting extravagant spending. This policy enabled a revival of major public works.

Reorganization of Provinces and Legions (69–79 AD)

Vespasian restructured provincial administration and strengthened the Rhine and Danube frontiers, bringing lasting stability to the Empire after the turmoil of 69 AD.

Edict on Latin Rights and the Grant of Citizenship (74 AD)

Vespasian extended Latin rights to all of Hispania (modern-day Spain), broadening Roman citizenship and integrating the western provinces into the Roman world. This decision fostered the lasting Romanization of the Iberian Peninsula.

Anecdotes

Vespasian is famous for introducing a tax on public urinals in Rome, which earned him mockery from his son Titus. He handed him a coin and said: 'Pecunia non olet' ('Money has no smell'). This expression has remained in use to this day.

Before becoming emperor, Vespasian commanded the Roman legions during the siege of Jerusalem in 66–68 AD. It was his son Titus who finished the job in 70 AD, destroying the Temple of Jerusalem — a major event in Jewish history.

Vespasian was known for his humor and modesty. On his deathbed, he reportedly quipped: 'I think I am becoming a god!' — an ironic allusion to the Roman tradition of deifying emperors after their death.

Coming from the equestrian class (the Roman lesser nobility), Vespasian was the first emperor who did not come from a patrician senatorial family. He embraced his modest origins and was deliberately frugal and hardworking, in stark contrast to the excesses of Nero.

It was Vespasian who ordered the construction of the Colosseum (the Flavian Amphitheatre) in Rome, on the site of the artificial lake from Nero's palace. This decision symbolized the return of a public space to the Roman people after his predecessor's extravagances.

Primary Sources

Life of Vespasian — Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars (c. 121 AD)
He was well built, with strong, sturdy limbs, and his face always wore a strained expression, as though he were straining at stool. A wit once asked him to make a joke at his expense, to which Vespasian replied: 'I will not, for you have no gift for making people laugh.'
Histories — Tacitus (c. 100–110 AD)
Vespasian, a seasoned general commanding veteran legions, enjoyed a reputation that his successes in Britain and Judaea had established beyond all dispute.
The Jewish War — Flavius Josephus (c. 75 AD)
Vespasian, having received from the Senate and the Roman people the command of the war against the Jews, led his army into Judaea with a discipline and method that even his enemies could not help but admire.
Roman History — Cassius Dio (c. 200–220 AD)
Vespasian restored the finances of the state, which had been ruined by Nero and the civil war, by raising taxes and cutting unnecessary expenditure, while never resorting to violence against citizens to enrich himself.

Key Places

Reate (Rieti), Italy

A town in Latium where Vespasian was born in 9 AD. His family owned land there, and he often returned, remaining attached to his humble roots.

Rome — Flavian Amphitheatre (Colosseum)

Vespasian ordered its construction around 72 AD on the site of Nero's Domus Aurea lake, symbolically returning the land to the Roman people.

Jerusalem (present-day Israel)

Vespasian led the siege against Jewish insurgents there from 67 AD, before leaving his son Titus to complete the campaign when he rose to power.

Alexandria (Egypt)

It was here that Vespasian took control of Rome's grain supply in 69 AD, forcing Vitellius to negotiate. The city served as his rear base during the civil war.

Forum of Peace (Rome)

Temple of Peace built by Vespasian after the victory in Judea to celebrate the end of the war and house the treasures of the Temple of Jerusalem.

Gallery

Romano Triumph of Titus and Vespasian

Romano Triumph of Titus and Vespasian

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Giulio Romano


French:  Feu de camp au pied des colonnes du temple de Saturne et celles du temple de Vespasien et de Titus dans le forum romaintitle QS:P1476,fr:"Feu de camp au pied des colonnes du temple de Saturn

French: Feu de camp au pied des colonnes du temple de Saturne et celles du temple de Vespasien et de Titus dans le forum romaintitle QS:P1476,fr:"Feu de camp au pied des colonnes du temple de Saturn

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Albert Arnz

Henry Parsons Riviere - Riviere-98108 - Rome- View of the Arch of Titus

Henry Parsons Riviere - Riviere-98108 - Rome- View of the Arch of Titus

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Henry Parsons Riviere

Monsieur le marquis d'Espiez, capitaine aux gardes

Monsieur le marquis d'Espiez, capitaine aux gardes

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Carmontelle

Médaillons de quatre empereurs romains (Louvre, MRR 260)

Médaillons de quatre empereurs romains (Louvre, MRR 260)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Tangopaso

Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus Vaux 1

Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus Vaux 1

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Imperator_Caesar_Vespasianus_Augustus_Vaux.jpg: Jebulon derivative work: Jebulon (talk)

Arco di Tito plaque forum romanum Rome Italy

Arco di Tito plaque forum romanum Rome Italy

Wikimedia Commons, CC0 — Jebulon


La sculpture en bronze : conference faite a l'Union Centrale des beaux-arts appliques a l'industrie le 29 avril 1868

La sculpture en bronze : conference faite a l'Union Centrale des beaux-arts appliques a l'industrie le 29 avril 1868

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Guillaume, Eugene, 1822-1905


Explication des ouvrages de peinture et dessins, sculpture, architecture et gravure, des artistes vivans

Explication des ouvrages de peinture et dessins, sculpture, architecture et gravure, des artistes vivans

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Société des artistes français. Salon Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (France) Salon (Exhibition : Paris

(Venice) Bust of Vespasianus - Venice National Archaeological Museum

(Venice) Bust of Vespasianus - Venice National Archaeological Museum

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Didier Descouens

See also