Emma Goldman

Emma Goldman

1869 — 1940

États-Unis, Lituanie, France, Royaume-Uni, Empire russe

LiteraturePoliticsPhilosophy19th CenturyLate 19th and early 20th century, an era of mass migration, the rise of the labor movement, and the struggle for women's rights

Emma Goldman (1869-1940) was a Lithuanian-born anarchist and feminist activist who emigrated to the United States. A leading figure in the American labor movement, she championed individual freedom, women's emancipation, and opposed war and capitalism.

Famous Quotes

« If I can't dance, I don't want to be part of your revolution. »
« True emancipation begins neither at the polls nor in courts. It begins in woman's soul. »

Key Facts

  • 1869: born in Kaunas (Lithuania), then part of the Russian Empire
  • 1886: emigrated to the United States, settling in New York
  • 1892: involved in the assassination attempt against industrialist Henry Clay Frick alongside Alexander Berkman
  • 1906: founded and edited the anarchist journal Mother Earth
  • 1919: deported from the United States to Soviet Russia due to her activist activities

Works & Achievements

Mother Earth (journal) (1906-1917)

Monthly anarchist journal founded and edited by Goldman, the primary outlet for radical ideas in the United States. She used it to publish articles on feminism, individual freedom, and resistance to capitalism.

Anarchism and Other Essays (1910)

A collection of foundational essays laying out her vision of anarchism as a philosophy of total liberation. A landmark text in English-language anarchist thought.

The Social Significance of the Modern Drama (1914)

An essay in which Goldman analyzes the theater of Ibsen, Strindberg, and Shaw as a vehicle for social critique and emancipation, reflecting her broad artistic and intellectual sensibility.

My Disillusionment in Russia (1923)

A critical account of her time in Soviet Russia, in which she condemns the Bolshevik betrayal of revolutionary ideals. A major document in the anarchist critique of Leninism.

Living My Life (autobiography) (1931)

A monumental two-volume autobiography tracing her journey from Jewish immigrant to a defining figure of international anarchism. An essential historical source on American radicalism in the early twentieth century.

Vision on Fire: Emma Goldman on the Spanish Revolution (1938)

A collection of her writings and correspondence on the Spanish Civil War, documenting her commitment to the CNT-FAI anarchists through the defeat of the Republic.

Anecdotes

In 1893, Emma Goldman delivered a fiery speech in New York before thousands of unemployed workers, urging them to demand bread — or take it. Arrested for inciting a riot, she was sentenced to one year in prison at Blackwell's Island, where she learned nursing and emerged more determined than ever.

In 1901, when anarchist Leon Czolgosz assassinated President McKinley, Goldman was immediately suspected of complicity. She had indeed met Czolgosz, but refused to publicly denounce him — earning her the reputation of being 'the most dangerous woman in America,' according to the press of the day.

In 1906, Goldman founded the magazine Mother Earth, which she partly funded by lecturing across the United States. Through it, she published articles on anarchism, feminism, and birth control, openly defying the Comstock Laws that banned the distribution of such information.

In 1917, Goldman was arrested alongside Alexander Berkman for organizing resistance to military conscription during World War I. Sentenced to two years in prison, she was then deported from the United States in 1919 aboard a ship nicknamed 'the Soviet Ark,' along with 248 other foreign activists.

During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), Goldman — then in her seventies — traveled to Republican Spain to support the anarchists of the CNT-FAI. She wrote dispatches and lectured across Europe to raise international awareness of the antifascist cause.

Primary Sources

Anarchism and Other Essays (1910)
Anarchism is the only philosophy which brings to man the consciousness of himself; which maintains that God, the State, and society are non-existent, that their promises are null and void, since they can be fulfilled only through man's subordination.
Living My Life (autobiography) (1931)
I want freedom, the right to self-expression, everybody's right to beautiful, radiant things. Anarchism meant that to me, and I would live it in spite of the whole world.
The Traffic in Women and Other Essays on Feminism (1917)
The most vital right is the right to love and be loved. Indeed, if partial emancipation is to become a complete and true emancipation of woman, it will have to do away with the ridiculous notion that to be loved, to be sweetheart and mother, is synonymous with being slave or subordinate.
My Disillusionment in Russia (1923)
No great idea in its beginning can ever be within the law. How can it be within the law? The law is stationary. The law is fixed. The law is a chariot wheel which binds us all regardless of conditions or place or time.

Key Places

Lower East Side, New York

The Jewish immigrant neighborhood where Goldman settled upon arriving in the United States. It was here that she witnessed workers' poverty firsthand and embraced anarchism.

Blackwell's Island, New York

The New York prison where Goldman was incarcerated in 1893. There she learned nursing and lived alongside the most marginalized women in American society.

Chicago (Waldheim Cemetery)

The site of the Haymarket Martyrs' Monument, a pilgrimage destination for anarchists worldwide. Goldman was buried there in 1940, having asked to rest near these founding figures of the movement.

Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), Russia

Goldman traveled to Russia in 1919, hoping to see anarchism flourish in the wake of the revolution. Bolshevik repression quickly disillusioned her.

Barcelona, Spain

The heart of Spanish anarchism, where Goldman stayed during the Civil War (1936–1938). She witnessed and supported the revolutionary experiment led by the CNT-FAI.

Gallery

Mural of revolutionaries in Hernani (2018)

Mural of revolutionaries in Hernani (2018)

Wikimedia Commons, CC0 — Jove


An Exhibition of portraits from the National Association of Portrait Painters and an exhibition of prints and drawings by Joseph Pennell : the Memorial Art Gallery, Rochester, New York, March, ninete

An Exhibition of portraits from the National Association of Portrait Painters and an exhibition of prints and drawings by Joseph Pennell : the Memorial Art Gallery, Rochester, New York, March, ninete

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — University of Rochester. Memorial Art Gallery National Association of Portrait Painters (U.S.)

Primer plano mural (Kanno Sugako, Frida Kahlo, Emma Goldman)

Primer plano mural (Kanno Sugako, Frida Kahlo, Emma Goldman)

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — DLV


McKinley, Garfield, Lincoln : their lives-their deeds-their deaths, with a record of notable assassinations and a history of anarchy

McKinley, Garfield, Lincoln : their lives-their deeds-their deaths, with a record of notable assassinations and a history of anarchy

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Bancroft, William Dixon


Anarchism: What It Really Stands For title QS:P1476,en:"Anarchism: What It Really Stands For "label QS:Len,"Anarchism: What It Really Stands For "

Anarchism: What It Really Stands For title QS:P1476,en:"Anarchism: What It Really Stands For "label QS:Len,"Anarchism: What It Really Stands For "

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Emma Goldman

Emma Goldman seated

Emma Goldman seated

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Takuma Kajiwara

Emma Goldman circa 1915-1916

Emma Goldman circa 1915-1916

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Bain

Emma Goldman gravestone plaque

Emma Goldman gravestone plaque

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0 — James~Quinn

Emma Goldman circa 1915-1916 (cropped)

Emma Goldman circa 1915-1916 (cropped)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Bain

Harper's Weekly 1892-08-20 Vol 36 Iss 1861 - Among the Anarchists of New York

Harper's Weekly 1892-08-20 Vol 36 Iss 1861 - Among the Anarchists of New York

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Valerian Griboedov

See also