Pina Bausch(1940 — 2009)

Pina Bausch

Allemagne

8 min read

Performing ArtsDanseur/seRéalisateur/trice20th CenturyRevolutionary of contemporary dance theatre

German dancer and choreographer

Frequently asked questions

To understand this, you have to imagine dance in the 1960s-70s, still very codified: classical ballet or highly technical modern dance. What strikes you about Pina Bausch is that she invented Tanztheater (dance theater), a total art where speech, song, everyday gestures, and raw emotions replace academic steps. Unlike Martha Graham, who built mythological narratives, Bausch started from existential questions she asked her dancers – "What are you afraid of?" – and assembled their responses into scenes. What you need to remember is that she shifted the focus of dance from pure movement to the expression of universal human emotions.

Key Facts

    Works & Achievements

    Frühlingsopfer (The Rite of Spring) (1975)

    A radical reinterpretation of Stravinsky's ballet performed on a stage covered in earth, where the ritual sacrifice becomes a universal metaphor for domination and violence. Considered one of the greatest choreographic works of the 20th century.

    Café Müller (1978)

    An autobiographical piece in which Pina Bausch dances herself, eyes closed, through a space cluttered with chairs. Inspired by the café of her childhood, this poetic work explores loneliness, memory, and the search for tenderness.

    Kontakthof (1978)

    An exploration of relationships between men and women set in a dance hall, alternating between seduction, rejection, and everyday violence. The piece was revived in 2000 with non-dancers over 65, then again in 2008 with teenagers, demonstrating its universal resonance.

    Nelken (Carnations) (1982)

    A stage entirely covered with 8,000 pink carnations, through which dancers move dressed in everyday clothing. A masterpiece of theatrical poetry that blends tenderness, melancholy, and absurdity.

    Palermo Palermo (1989)

    The first of the 'city pieces' inspired by Palermo and Sicilian culture, opening with the collapse of a concrete block wall on stage — a likely echo of the imminent fall of the Berlin Wall. This work launched a cycle of collaborations with cities around the world.

    Masurca Fogo (1998)

    A piece inspired by a stay in Lisbon and Cape Verde, infused with the rhythms of fado and Cape Verdean music. One of the most luminous and sensory works in the Tanztheater Wuppertal repertoire.

    Anecdotes

    Pina Bausch was discovered at the age of 14 by Kurt Jooss, director of the Folkwangschule in Essen, who immediately recognized her exceptional talent. She went on to receive a scholarship to study at the Juilliard School in New York, where she trained alongside the greatest names in American contemporary dance.

    During the premiere of 'Café Müller' in 1978, Pina Bausch chose to dance the lead role herself, eyes closed, moving through chairs and tables in an almost dreamlike space. The piece, inspired by the café her parents ran in Solingen during her childhood, became one of the most iconic works of the 20th century.

    Her creative process was radically new: she would ask her dancers existential questions — 'What are you afraid of?' or 'Describe someone you love' — and build her pieces from their spontaneous responses. This collaborative approach blurred the boundary between the private self and the stage.

    Pedro Almodóvar and Wim Wenders were unconditional admirers of her work. Wenders dedicated the documentary 'Pina' (2011) to her, filmed in 3D after her sudden death from lung cancer, diagnosed just five days before she died in June 2009, at the age of 68.

    Pina Bausch led the Tanztheater Wuppertal for more than 35 years, transforming this industrial city in North Rhine-Westphalia into a world capital of contemporary dance. She received the Kyoto Prize in 2007, one of the most prestigious international honors in the arts and culture.

    Primary Sources

    Interview with Pina Bausch, by Jochen Schmidt (1978)
    I'm not interested in how people move, but in what moves them. What matters is what lies behind the gestures.
    Wuppertal Festival Program — presentation of 'Kontakthof' (1978)
    Pina Bausch's Tanztheater does not seek to tell a story in the traditional sense. It explores human relationships in their most primal and most vulnerable dimensions.
    Acceptance speech for the Kyoto Prize, Pina Bausch (2007)
    Dance is for me a way of seeing the world, not just of showing it. Each piece is a question I ask of the dancers and the audience.
    Correspondence with Rolf Borzik, set designer for Tanztheater Wuppertal (1975)
    Our sets must breathe. Earth, water, flowers — these natural elements bring the body back to its essence. We have been working together since the early days in Wuppertal.

    Key Places

    Wuppertal, Germany — Opernhaus

    Home of the Tanztheater Wuppertal since 1973, this opera house in the Rhenish industrial city became, under Bausch's direction, a world-renowned center for contemporary dance. Most of her major works were created here.

    Solingen, Germany — The Bausch family café

    Pina Bausch's hometown, where her parents ran a café-restaurant whose customers she observed as a child, absorbing the human behaviors that would feed her entire body of work. The atmosphere of that café resurfaces directly in 'Café Müller' (1978).

    Folkwang School, Essen, Germany

    An arts school founded on Bauhaus principles where Pina Bausch trained from 1955 under the direction of Kurt Jooss. This institution shaped her vision of a total art form blending dance, music, and the visual arts.

    Juilliard School, New York, United States

    The prestigious performing arts school in Manhattan where Bausch honed her technique from 1960 to 1962 on a Ford Foundation scholarship. Her encounter with American modern dance — through Limón and Tudor — greatly broadened her artistic range.

    Théâtre de la Ville, Paris, France

    The Parisian venue that accompanied Pina Bausch's international career, regularly programming the Tanztheater Wuppertal from the 1970s onward. Paris was one of the earliest centers of international recognition for her work.

    See also