Born on October 14

King of Spain in 1808 and from 1814 to 1833, Ferdinand VII reigned under Napoleonic occupation and then after the Restoration. His absolutist rule and the loss of Spain's American colonies left a profound mark on Spanish history.

Lillian Gish (1893–1993) was a pioneering American actress of the silent film era, nicknamed "the First Lady of American Cinema." She worked closely with D.W. Griffith and brought to life iconic female roles in films that shaped the art of cinema.

German-born American philosopher (1906–1975), Hannah Arendt is one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century. A refugee in the United States after fleeing Nazism, she developed a critical analysis of totalitarianism, political violence, and the human condition in the modern world.

Kaija Saariaho (1952-2023) was a Finnish composer and pioneer of spectral and electroacoustic music. Based in Paris, she collaborated with IRCAM and composed major works including the opera L'Amour de loin (2000).