Portrait de Anne Frank

Anne Frank

Anne Frank

1929 — 1945

Troisième Reich, république de Weimar, apatride

LiteratureÉcrivain(e)20th Century20th century (1929-1945), the period of World War II and the Holocaust

Anne Frank (1929-1945) was a young Dutch-Jewish girl whose diary, written in hiding during the Nazi occupation, became a poignant testimony of the Holocaust. She died in deportation at Bergen-Belsen, and her work remains a major source for understanding persecution and humanity in the face of horror.

Émotions disponibles (6)

N

Neutre

par défaut

I

Inspirée

P

Pensive

S

Surprise

T

Triste

F

Fière

Famous Quotes

« Despite everything, I believe that people are really good at heart. »
« I want to be useful or bring enjoyment to all people around me. »
« I want to go on living even after my death! »

Key Facts

  • June 12, 1929: Born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany
  • July 1942: Goes into hiding with her family in an Amsterdam building (the Secret Annex)
  • August 1944: The Frank family is betrayed and arrested, then deported to Auschwitz
  • February 1945: Dies of typhus at Bergen-Belsen, shortly before liberation
  • 1947: Publication of The Diary of a Young Girl by her father Otto, which became a universal symbol of the Holocaust

Works & Achievements

Het Achterhuis (The Diary of a Young Girl) (1947)

Personal diary written between 1942 and 1944, published by Otto Frank. Translated into more than 70 languages, it is one of the most widely read testimonies about the Holocaust and is featured in school curricula around the world.

Anne Frank's Tales and Essays (1942-1944)

Alongside her diary, Anne wrote short stories, fables, and essays in the Annex, reflecting her literary ambition and early maturity.

Tales from the Secret Annex (1960)

A collection published after Otto Frank's death, bringing together the short stories, fables, and childhood memories written by Anne during her time in hiding.

Definitive version of the diary (critical edition) (1986)

Scholarly edition published by the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, comparing the different versions of the diary and definitively authenticating the manuscript.

Anecdotes

Anne Frank received her diary on June 12, 1942, her thirteenth birthday. She immediately named it 'Kitty' and began writing to it as she would to a close friend, which gives the text its uniquely personal and endearing tone.

In the Annex, the eight people in hiding had to maintain absolute silence between 8:30 a.m. and 5:30 p.m., when the warehouse employees were working below. The slightest sound — a cough, a sneeze, a flushing toilet — could betray them.

Anne dreamed of becoming a journalist and writer. In March 1944, after hearing a radio broadcast in which the Dutch minister in exile called on people to preserve their wartime diaries, she began rewriting and revising her journal with a future publication in mind.

Miep Gies, one of the helpers who protected the Frank family, retrieved Anne's diary from the floor of the Annex after the arrest. She kept it in a desk drawer without reading it, hoping to return it to Anne after the war.

Otto Frank, Anne's father and the sole survivor among the eight people in hiding, hesitated for a long time before publishing the diary. He finally agreed in 1947, thereby fulfilling his daughter's dearest wish.

Primary Sources

Het Achterhuis (The Diary of a Young Girl) (15 juillet 1944)
I see the world being slowly transformed into a wilderness, I hear the approaching thunder that, one day, will destroy us too, I feel the suffering of millions of people and yet, when I look up at the sky, I somehow feel that everything will change for the better.
Anne Frank's Diary — entry on going into hiding (9 juillet 1942)
We walked in the pouring rain, Father, Mother and I, each carrying a school bag and shopping bag filled to the brim with the most varied assortment of items. The people on their way to work so early in the morning looked at us with compassion.
Anne Frank's Diary — letter to Kitty (5 avril 1944)
When I write, I shake off all my cares, my sorrow disappears, my spirits are revived. But then comes the big question: will I ever be able to write something great, will I ever become a journalist or a writer?
Radio broadcast appeal by Gerrit Bolkestein, Dutch Minister of Education in exile (28 mars 1944)
History cannot be written solely from official documents and decisions. If our descendants are to fully understand what we have endured, we must collect the most ordinary records: diaries, letters, sermons.

Key Places

Annex at 263 Prinsengracht, Amsterdam

The rear house where Anne Frank and seven others lived in hiding for more than two years, from July 1942 to August 1944. Today it is the Anne Frank House museum.

Merwedeplein, Amsterdam

The Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood where the Frank family lived before going into hiding. Anne spent her Dutch childhood here and attended the nearby Montessori school.

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Germany

The camp where Anne and her sister Margot were transferred from Auschwitz in the autumn of 1944. They both died of typhus there in early 1945.

Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, Poland

The extermination camp where the eight people in hiding in the Annex were deported in September 1944 following their arrest.

Westerbork transit camp, Netherlands

The transit camp in the Netherlands through which the occupants of the Annex passed before their deportation to Auschwitz. More than 100,000 Dutch Jews were processed there.

Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Anne Frank's birthplace, where she was born on 12 June 1929. The family left Germany in 1933 to flee the Nazi regime.

Typical Objects

Red and white checkered diary

The famous diary given to her for her 13th birthday, covered in red and white checkered fabric with a small lock. It is in this notebook that Anne began writing her most intimate thoughts.

Fountain pen

Anne wrote with a fountain pen she was very attached to. She mentions her sadness when it was accidentally burned in the stove of the Annex.

Yellow star

A fabric badge that all Jews over the age of six were required to wear visibly on their clothing from May 1942 in the Netherlands.

Movie star photos

Anne collected photos of movie stars and royal families that she pinned to the wall of her room in the Annex, to brighten up the space.

Study books

The people in hiding continued to study in the Annex. Anne took correspondence courses under a false name and read extensively to continue her education.

Radio set

The clandestine radio was the vital link to the outside world. The residents of the Annex listened to Radio Oranje and the BBC to follow the progress of the Allies.

Revolving bookcase

The entrance to the Annex was concealed behind a revolving bookcase built by Johan Voskuijl, one of the helpers, to hide the access door.

School Curriculum

Cycle 4 (5e-3e)Français
Cycle 4 (5e-3e)Histoire
Cycle 4 (5e-3e)FrançaisLa Shoah et les crimes de guerre nazis
Cycle 4 (5e-3e)FrançaisLa persécution des Juifs pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Cycle 4 (5e-3e)FrançaisLe témoignage historique et littéraire
Cycle 4 (5e-3e)FrançaisL'occupation et la résistance en Europe
Cycle 4 (5e-3e)FrançaisL'adolescence et l'écriture intime
Cycle 4 (5e-3e)FrançaisLa mémoire et le devoir de mémoire

Vocabulary & Tags

Key Vocabulary

ShoahghettodeportationhidingpersecutiontestimonyHolocaustdiary

Tags

Anne Frankseconde-guerre-mondialeSeconde Guerre mondialeShoahghettodéportationclandestinitépersécutiontémoignageHolocaustejournal intimeXXe siècle (1929-1945), période de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et de la Shoah

Daily Life

Morning

In the Annex, waking up happened early but in absolute silence. From 8:30 a.m. onward, when the warehouse employees arrived, any noisy movement was forbidden. Anne waited patiently, reading or studying on her bed.

Afternoon

Afternoons were devoted to studying: Anne followed correspondence courses and read extensively. After 5:30 p.m., when the employees left, the people in hiding regained a bit more freedom of movement and could go down to the office.

Evening

In the evenings, the occupants of the Annex gathered around the radio to listen to news from the BBC and Radio Oranje. Anne wrote in her diary. Evening meals were often frugal, after which everyone returned to their cramped sleeping space.

Food

Food in the Annex depended on their protectors and the black market. Meals consisted of dried vegetables, potatoes, bread, and occasionally canned goods. Food became increasingly scarce and monotonous as the months went on.

Clothing

Anne wore ordinary 1940s clothing: skirts, sweaters, and platform shoes. During her time in hiding, it was impossible to replenish her wardrobe: her clothes became too small as she grew.

Housing

The Annex comprised a few small rooms on two floors at the rear of the commercial building at 263 Prinsengracht. Anne shared her room with Fritz Pfeffer, a dentist. The windows were permanently blacked out to avoid detection.

Historical Timeline

1929Naissance d'Anne Frank le 12 juin à Francfort-sur-le-Main, en Allemagne.
1933Hitler accède au pouvoir en Allemagne. La famille Frank émigre aux Pays-Bas pour fuir les persécutions antisémites.
1935Lois de Nuremberg en Allemagne : les Juifs sont privés de leur citoyenneté et de nombreux droits fondamentaux.
1938Nuit de Cristal (9-10 novembre) : pogrom organisé contre les Juifs dans tout le Reich allemand.
1939Début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale avec l'invasion de la Pologne par l'Allemagne nazie.
1940Les Pays-Bas sont envahis et occupés par l'Allemagne en mai. Début des mesures anti-juives aux Pays-Bas.
1941Les enfants juifs sont exclus des écoles publiques néerlandaises. Anne doit fréquenter le lycée juif.
1942Margot Frank reçoit une convocation pour un camp de travail. Le 6 juillet, la famille entre en clandestinité dans l'Annexe au 263 Prinsengracht.
1943Intensification des rafles de Juifs aux Pays-Bas. Plus de 100 000 Juifs néerlandais sont déportés.
1944Le 6 juin, débarquement allié en Normandie. Le 4 août, les occupants de l'Annexe sont arrêtés et déportés.
1944En septembre, les huit clandestins arrivent à Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anne et Margot sont transférées à Bergen-Belsen en octobre.
1945Anne et Margot meurent du typhus à Bergen-Belsen, probablement en février ou mars, quelques semaines avant la libération du camp.
1945Otto Frank, seul survivant des huit clandestins, est libéré d'Auschwitz par l'Armée rouge en janvier.
1947Publication du journal d'Anne Frank aux Pays-Bas sous le titre « Het Achterhuis » (L'Arrière-maison).

Period Vocabulary

OnderduikerDutch word for a person living in hiding to escape Nazi persecution. It is estimated that approximately 25,000 Jews went into hiding in the Netherlands.
AchterhuisThe 'back house' in Dutch. This is the original title of Anne Frank's diary, referring to the secret annex where the family was hiding.
RazziaTerm referring to a raid organized by the occupying forces to arrest Jews, resistance members, or forced laborers.
Yellow starA Star of David badge that Jews were required to wear from 1942 onwards in the Netherlands, in order to be identified and discriminated against.
Black marketClandestine trade in rationed or prohibited goods. The protectors of the Annex used it to obtain food for those in hiding.
SummonsAn administrative order sent to Jews requiring them to report for 'compulsory labor' in Germany — in reality, deportation to the camps.
NSBNationaal-Socialistische Beweging: the Dutch Nazi party whose members actively collaborated with the German occupiers.
Transit campA camp such as Westerbork where deportees were gathered before being sent to concentration and extermination camps in the East.
Identity cardA mandatory document stamped with a large 'J' for Jews in the Netherlands, facilitating their identification and persecution by the occupying forces.
Final SolutionNazi euphemism for the plan of systematic extermination of the Jews of Europe, decided at the Wannsee Conference in January 1942.

Gallery

A mix of graffitiy and wall-paintings in the Palmstraat, Jordaan district in Amsterdam city from photographer, Fons Heijnsbroek

A mix of graffitiy and wall-paintings in the Palmstraat, Jordaan district in Amsterdam city from photographer, Fons Heijnsbroek

A mixture of wall-paintings on the wall, at the corner Prinsengracht canal and Anjelierstraat, Amsterdam from photographer, Fons Heijnsbroek

A mixture of wall-paintings on the wall, at the corner Prinsengracht canal and Anjelierstraat, Amsterdam from photographer, Fons Heijnsbroek

Amsterdam (NL), Anne-Frank-Huis -- 2015 -- 7185

Amsterdam (NL), Anne-Frank-Huis -- 2015 -- 7185

PORTRAIT OF A YOUNG GIRL, SAID TO BE HELENE AMELIE MADELINE MOLZ

PORTRAIT OF A YOUNG GIRL, SAID TO BE HELENE AMELIE MADELINE MOLZ

Ansichtkaart op de plaatjeswand in de kamer van Anne Frank met afbeelding van Rembrandts Portrait of an old man, niet gedateerd

Ansichtkaart op de plaatjeswand in de kamer van Anne Frank met afbeelding van Rembrandts Portrait of an old man, niet gedateerd

Anne Frank Statue in Amsterdam (509090009)

Anne Frank Statue in Amsterdam (509090009)

Zandsculpturen in het Kuinderbos (Flevoland). 31-08-2020. (actm.) 11

Zandsculpturen in het Kuinderbos (Flevoland). 31-08-2020. (actm.) 11

Dülmen, Jüdischer Friedhof -- 2023 -- 6451 (bw)

Dülmen, Jüdischer Friedhof -- 2023 -- 6451 (bw)

Skulptur Lastenträger Anne-Frank-Grundschule Paulstraße 20 b Berlin

Skulptur Lastenträger Anne-Frank-Grundschule Paulstraße 20 b Berlin

Statue of Anne Frank

Statue of Anne Frank

Visual Style

Un style visuel intimiste et sombre, inspiré du clair-obscur hollandais, mêlant la chaleur d'une lumière tamisée à l'atmosphère confinée et austère de l'Annexe pendant l'Occupation.

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AI Prompt
Dark, intimate interior scenes reminiscent of Dutch Golden Age painting with chiaroscuro lighting. Warm candlelight and dim lamp glow illuminating cramped attic rooms with low ceilings and blacked-out windows. Sepia and muted earth tones evoking wartime austerity. Worn wooden furniture, stacked books, and photos pinned to wallpapered walls. Contrast between the claustrophobic dark interior and glimpses of sky through a curtained window. Painterly quality inspired by Vermeer's intimate domestic scenes, adapted to 1940s wartime Netherlands. Documentary realism mixed with emotional warmth.

Sound Ambience

L'atmosphère sonore oppressante de l'Annexe : le silence imposé, les bruits étouffés de la vie clandestine, le carillon du Westerkerk et le grattement d'une plume sur le papier, ponctués par le grondement lointain des avions.

AI Prompt
Muffled sounds of a hidden attic space during World War II occupied Amsterdam. Distant church bells from the Westerkerk tower chiming every quarter hour. Creaking wooden floorboards, hushed whispers, the scratch of a fountain pen on paper. Faint sounds of warehouse workers below — footsteps, boxes being moved. A radio crackling softly with BBC broadcasts. Rain tapping against windowpanes. Occasional rumble of Allied bomber planes overhead. The sharp ring of a doorbell causing sudden terrified silence. Cats padding softly on stairs. The mechanical tick of a small clock in a cramped room.

Portrait Source

Wikimedia Commons — domaine public — Anonymous — 1941