Primo Levi(1919 — 1987)

Primo Levi

Italie, royaume d'Italie

9 min read

LiteratureÉcrivain(e)Scientifique20th Century20th century (1919-1987)

Italian writer and chemist (1919-1987), Primo Levi is the author of landmark testimonies about the Holocaust. Arrested in 1943 as an antifascist partisan, he was deported to Auschwitz where he survived thanks to his skills as a chemist. After the war, he became an essential voice in witness literature.

Frequently asked questions

Primo Levi was an Italian writer and chemist, born in 1919 in Turin and died in 1987. What makes him essential is that he experienced the horror of Auschwitz and chose to tell the unspeakable with rare lucidity and sobriety. Unlike other survivors, he does not seek to accuse or weep: he describes the mechanisms of dehumanization so that we can understand how the ordinary can become monstrous. His book If This Is a Man is considered a foundational text of Holocaust literature.

Famous Quotes

« I survived by telling myself stories. »
« It happened, therefore it can happen again. »
« The persecutors win when the victims forget. »

Key Facts

  • 1943: Arrested as an antifascist partisan in northern Italy
  • 1944-1945: Deported to Auschwitz-Monowitz, a Nazi concentration camp
  • 1947: Publication of 'If This Is a Man', a foundational Holocaust testimony
  • 1963: Publication of 'The Truce', an account of his journey home after liberation
  • 1987: Death in Turin, likely suicide following depression

Works & Achievements

If This Is a Man (Se questo è un uomo) (1947 (reissued 1958))

Primo Levi's first and most celebrated account of his deportation to Auschwitz. Written between 1945 and 1947, this sober and clear-eyed memoir is considered one of the founding texts of Holocaust literature and is studied in many school curricula around the world.

The Truce (La tregua) (1963)

A sequel to 'If This Is a Man', this book recounts Primo Levi's nine-month journey across Europe to return to Italy after the liberation of Auschwitz. Winner of the 1963 Campiello Prize, it offers a perspective that is by turns tragic and picaresque on post-war Europe.

The Periodic Table (Il sistema periodico) (1975)

A collection of twenty-one autobiographical stories, each named after a chemical element from Mendeleev's periodic table. Hailed as a masterpiece by international critics, the book weaves together science, memory, and autobiography in an original and poetic way.

The Monkey's Wrench (La chiave a stella) (1978)

A novel centered on Faussone, a rigger of metal structures, through whom Primo Levi celebrates the value of work done well and the dignity of the craftsman. Winner of the 1979 Strega Prize, the book reveals a brighter, more optimistic side of his literary world.

If Not Now, When? (Se non ora, quando?) (1982)

A historical novel following a band of Soviet Jewish partisans as they make their way across war-torn Europe toward Palestine. Primo Levi's first work of fiction, it tackles the question of Jewish resistance — a subject often overlooked in collective memory.

The Drowned and the Saved (I sommersi e i salvati) (1986)

Primo Levi's last published book, an intellectual and moral testament on the memory of the Holocaust. In it, he develops his seminal concept of the 'grey zone' — the ambiguous space where victims and perpetrators sometimes found themselves bound by complex relationships that ordinary moral judgment cannot fully assess.

Anecdotes

At Auschwitz, Primo Levi had to pass an oral chemistry exam in front of an SS officer in order to join the camp's Chemistry Kommando. He passed the exam in 1944, and this assignment likely saved his life, as laboratory workers were better protected from the cold and exhaustion.

After Auschwitz was liberated by the Red Army in January 1945, Primo Levi embarked on a chaotic journey home that lasted nine months across a devastated Europe. This extraordinary odyssey — taking him through Russia, Romania, and Hungary — would be recounted in his book 'The Truce', published in 1963.

In 1947, Primo Levi submitted the manuscript of 'If This Is a Man' to the publisher Einaudi, who rejected it. The book was first published by a small press in a run of just 2,500 copies and went almost unnoticed. It was not until 1958, when Einaudi reissued it, that it achieved the worldwide recognition that would make it a masterpiece of testimonial literature.

Throughout his life, Primo Levi worked as a chemist at a paint factory in Turin, alongside his writing career. This dual identity as both writer and scientist runs through his work, most notably in 'The Periodic Table' (1975), where each chapter is named after a chemical element and tells a chapter of his own life.

During a talk at an Italian school, a student asked Primo Levi how ordinary people could have committed such atrocities. He replied that it was precisely because they were ordinary — and that every generation must remain vigilant. This conviction that the worst can always resurface shaped his entire life's work as a witness.

Primary Sources

If This Is a Man (Se questo è un uomo) (1947 (1st ed.), 1958 (2nd ed.))
You who live safe in your warm houses, you who find on returning in the evening warm food and friendly faces: consider if this is a man who toils in the mud, who does not know peace, who fights for a crust of bread, who dies at a yes or a no.
The Truce (La tregua) (1963)
Now, for the first time, we realized that our language lacks words to express this offense, the demolition of a man.
The Drowned and the Saved (I sommersi e i salvati) (1986)
Human memory is a marvelous but fallacious instrument. This is a known truth: the memories that lie within us are not carved in stone; not only do they tend to fade over the years, but they often change, or even grow by incorporating foreign elements.
The Periodic Table (Il sistema periodico) (1975)
Chemistry is the art of separating, weighing, and distinguishing: these are three exercises useful also to one who undertakes to describe events or give body to their imagination.
Letter to publisher Einaudi on the reissue of 'If This Is a Man' (1958)
I wrote this book to bear witness, not to complain. I believed that my particular way of telling, the restraint of the narrative, could itself constitute a form of denunciation.

Key Places

Turin, Italy

Primo Levi's birthplace and the city where he spent his entire life, Turin is the heart of his world. It was here that he was born, studied chemistry, was arrested, returned after the war, and wrote most of his work in the family apartment on Corso Re Umberto.

Auschwitz-Monowitz (Auschwitz III), Poland

A forced labor camp attached to Auschwitz where Primo Levi was deported from February 1944 to January 1945. This is the place that shaped the core of his work, where he survived thanks to his skills as a chemist in the Chemical Kommando at the Buna-Werke factory.

Fossoli Transit Camp, Carpi, Italy

A Fascist transit camp near Modena where Primo Levi was held after his arrest before being deported to Auschwitz. He describes the agonizing wait before deportation in the opening pages of 'If This Is a Man'.

Aosta Valley, Italian Alps

The mountainous region where Primo Levi joined a group of partisan resistance fighters in the autumn of 1943, following the Nazi occupation of northern Italy. It was in these mountains that he was arrested by the Fascist Militia in December 1943.

University of Turin, Faculty of Science

The institution where Primo Levi earned his chemistry degree in 1941, despite Fascist racial laws that forced him to list his 'Jewish race' on his diploma. This scientific training proved decisive for his survival at Auschwitz.

Liens externes & ressources

Œuvres

Si c'est un homme (Se questo è un uomo)

1947 (réédition 1958)

Le Système périodique (Il sistema periodico)

1975

La Clé à molette (La chiave a stella)

1978

Si pas maintenant, quand ? (Se non ora, quando ?)

1982

Les Naufragés et les Rescapés (I sommersi e i salvati)

1986

See also