Art Tatum(1909 — 1956)

Art Tatum

États-Unis

6 min read

MusicCompositeur/trice20th CenturyFirst half of the 20th century, during the golden age of jazz in the United States, between the swing era and the emergence of bebop

Arthur "Art" Tatum (1909-1956) was an American jazz pianist, regarded as one of the greatest virtuosos in the history of the piano. Nearly blind from birth, he revolutionized piano technique through his velocity, his daring harmonies, and his reharmonizations.

Frequently asked questions

Art Tatum (1909-1956) est un pianiste de jazz américain quasi aveugle de naissance, dont la virtuosité a stupéfié ses contemporains. Ce qui le distingue des autres pianistes, c'est sa capacité à transformer des mélodies simples en constructions harmoniques d'une complexité inouïe, comme s'il jouait à quatre mains. Il faut imaginer que, pour apprendre, il imitait des rouleaux de piano mécanique conçus pour deux pianistes, ce qui forgea sa sonorité d'une densité et d'une vélocité uniques. Moins un interprète qu'un réinventeur, il a élevé le standard jazz au rang d'art majeur.

Key Facts

  • Born on October 13, 1909, in Toledo (Ohio), affected by a severe visual impairment from childhood
  • First solo recordings in 1933, including a dazzling version of "Tiger Rag"
  • Formed an influential trio in 1943 with guitarist Tiny Grimes and double bassist Slam Stewart
  • Recorded a monumental series of solo and group sessions for producer Norman Granz in the 1950s
  • Died on November 5, 1956, in Los Angeles, leaving behind an unmatched technical legacy

Works & Achievements

Tiger Rag (1933)

An anthology piece from his early solo recordings, a dazzling display of velocity that astounded the pianists of his time.

Tea for Two (1933)

A virtuosic reharmonization of a popular song, which became the emblem of his art of transforming “standards”.

Yesterdays (1930s-1950s)

A ballad by Jerome Kern that he performed on numerous occasions, a peak of his lyricism and refined harmonies.

Art Tatum Trio Recordings (1943-1944)

With Tiny Grimes on guitar and Slam Stewart on double bass, a small-ensemble format that had a lasting influence on chamber jazz.

The Tatum Solo Masterpieces (1953-1955)

More than a hundred solo tracks recorded for Norman Granz, a monumental body of work regarded as the crowning achievement of his career.

The Tatum Group Masterpieces (1954-1956)

A series of intimate sessions with giants such as Ben Webster, Benny Carter, and Lionel Hampton, among his last recordings.

Anecdotes

One evening, while the star pianist Fats Waller was playing in a New York club, Art Tatum walked into the room. Waller stopped and announced to the audience: “I only play piano, but tonight, God himself is in the house.” The line became legendary, so much so that a compilation of his live recordings was later titled God Is in the House.

Nearly blind from birth, young Art learned in large part by listening to mechanical player-piano rolls. Some of these rolls had been recorded by two pianists playing together: Tatum, believing it was a single musician, strove to reproduce every note on his own, which forged his sound of astonishing density and velocity.

The greatest virtuosos of classical piano came to listen to him in amazement. Vladimir Horowitz, Sergei Rachmaninoff, and even the composer George Gershwin attended his concerts, and many declared they had never heard such a prodigious piano technique, classical or jazz alike.

Afflicted with cataracts from birth, Tatum could see almost nothing: he could make out shapes only faintly, with a single eye, after several operations. He could read greatly enlarged sheet music by holding it right up to his face, but he relied above all on his perfect pitch and his phenomenal memory.

In the after-hours clubs of Harlem, pianists engaged in “cutting contests,” genuine musical duels to determine the best. Tatum reigned there unchallenged: even masters like James P. Johnson or Fats Waller preferred to bow out. He often gave his very best late at night, once the paying concerts were over.

Primary Sources

Introduction of Art Tatum attributed to Fats Waller (New York club) (1930s)
I just play the piano, but tonight God is in the house.
Radio billing from station WSPD, Toledo (circa 1929-1930)
Arthur Tatum, Toledo's Blind Pianist — the billing under which the young Tatum hosted his own piano show on Toledo's local radio station.
First solo recordings for Brunswick Records (March 21, 1933)
Foundational session in which Tatum recorded solo versions of “Tea for Two,” “Tiger Rag,” “St. Louis Blues,” and “Sophisticated Lady,” revealing his virtuosity and his reharmonizations to the public.
The Genius of Art Tatum / The Tatum Solo Masterpieces (produced by Norman Granz) (1953-1956)
Recording marathons organized by producer Norman Granz: Tatum laid down more than a hundred solo pieces, a monumental summation of his art and his discographic testament.

Key Places

Toledo, Ohio

Tatum's hometown, where he studied music and hosted a piano show on radio station WSPD before leaving for New York.

Harlem, New York

The heart of jazz, where Tatum made his name in the clubs and after-hours spots, dominating the famous pianists' duels known as “cutting contests.”

London, England

A stop on his 1938 British tour, which reflected his international reputation among European jazz fans.

Chicago, Illinois

One of the great jazz scenes where Tatum performed regularly in the clubs during the 1930s and 1940s.

Los Angeles, California

The city where he recorded his monumental sessions for Norman Granz and where he died in 1956.

See also