Carmen McRae(1920 — 1994)

Carmen McRae

États-Unis

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Music20th CenturyThe golden age and maturity of American jazz (from the bebop of the 1940s through the following decades), a time of profound cultural and social change in the United States, marked by the struggle for civil rights.

Carmen McRae (1922-1994) was an American jazz singer and pianist, regarded as one of the greatest vocal jazz voices of the 20th century. Known for her phrasing that lagged behind the beat and her subtle, ironic interpretation of lyrics, she stands in the lineage of Billie Holiday.

Frequently asked questions

Carmen McRae (1920-1994) est l'une des plus grandes voix du jazz vocal, célèbre pour son phrasé en retard sur le tempo et son interprétation subtile des textes. Ce qui la distingue, c'est sa capacité à transformer chaque chanson en une histoire personnelle, mêlant ironie et émotion. Née à Harlem en plein cœur de la Renaissance afro-américaine, elle s'inscrit dans la lignée de Billie Holiday tout en développant un style unique. Son héritage tient à la fois à ses albums majeurs comme Carmen Sings Monk (1990) et à son influence sur des générations de chanteuses.

Key Facts

  • Born on April 8, 1922, in Harlem (New York), at the heart of the African American community.
  • Started out as a bar pianist and backup singer before establishing herself as a solo vocalist in the 1950s.
  • Recorded a tribute album to Billie Holiday, her main influence, in 1961.
  • Celebrated for her offbeat phrasing and her highly personal interpretation of the Great American Songbook.
  • Died on November 10, 1994, in Beverly Hills (California) after a long international career.

Works & Achievements

“Dream of Life” (1939)

A song composed by Carmen McRae as a teenager and recorded by Billie Holiday: her first great source of pride, and the one that set the course of her career.

Carmen McRae (first album) (1955)

Her first album as a featured singer (Bethlehem label), shortly after being crowned by Down Beat.

Sings Lover Man and Other Billie Holiday Classics (1961)

A tribute album to Billie Holiday, her lifelong role model, on which she covers the songs associated with “Lady Day.”

The Great American Songbook (1972)

A double album recorded live at Donte's club in Los Angeles, regarded as one of her finest achievements and a classic of vocal jazz.

Carmen Sings Monk (1990)

A bold album on which she sets lyrics to the melodies of Thelonious Monk, including “'Round Midnight.”

Sarah: Dedicated to You (1991)

A tribute to Sarah Vaughan, another towering jazz singer; the album was acclaimed by critics.

Anecdotes

As a teenager passionate about jazz, Carmen McRae wrote a song titled "Dream of Life." In 1939, her absolute idol, Billie Holiday, recorded it. For the young woman, barely nineteen, seeing her name linked to that of the greatest singer of the era was a thrill that sealed her calling.

In the 1940s, she married drummer Kenny Clarke, one of the inventors of bebop and of modern drumming. For a time, she even performed under the name "Carmen Clarke," before reclaiming her own name and building her own career.

In the early 1950s, she was the intermission pianist and singer at Minton's Playhouse, the Harlem club where bebop had been born a few years earlier. Between the sets of the great musicians, she accompanied herself on the piano and honed her craft.

In 1954, the famous jazz magazine Down Beat named her Best New Singer of the year. After years spent working as a secretary and singing in bands, this honor finally thrust her into the national spotlight.

In the late 1980s, at the height of her artistry, she devoted an entire album to Thelonious Monk, the genius of the piano. The challenge was bold: she set lyrics to instrumental melodies reputed to be impossible to sing, such as "'Round Midnight," creating one great musician's tribute to another.

Primary Sources

“Dream of Life” — a Billie Holiday record (Vocalion) (1939)
The song, composed by the very young Carmen McRae, was recorded by Billie Holiday in 1939: it was the future singer's first published work.
Down Beat magazine — annual poll (1954)
In 1954, the jazz magazine Down Beat named Carmen McRae “Best New Singer,” spotlighting an artist until then little known to the general public.
Carmen McRae on Billie Holiday (interviews) (1980s)
“The only influence I ever had was Billie Holiday,” Carmen McRae would often say, seeing herself in the phrasing and the storytelling art of her elder.
Album “Carmen Sings Monk” (1990)
On this record, Carmen McRae sings, with added lyrics, the instrumental compositions of Thelonious Monk, including “'Round Midnight,” paying tribute to a musician she deeply admired.

Key Places

Harlem, New York

African American neighborhood and jazz capital where Carmen McRae was born in 1920, at the heart of the Harlem Renaissance.

Minton's Playhouse, Harlem

Legendary club where bebop was born; Carmen McRae worked there as a pianist and intermission singer in the early 1950s.

52nd Street, Manhattan

“The Street,” New York's famous row of jazz clubs where the greatest performers played; McRae built her reputation there.

Chicago, Illinois

In the early 1950s, she sang in the clubs of Chicago, an important step before her national recognition.

Tokyo, Japan

Beloved by Japanese audiences, Carmen McRae gave many concerts there; Japan became one of her most devoted audiences.

Beverly Hills, California

Settled in the Los Angeles area, she spent her final years there and died there in 1994.

See also