Livia

Livia

58 av. J.-C. — 29

Rome antique

PoliticsBefore ChristLate Roman Republic and early Principate, an era of civil wars and the establishment of the Roman Empire under Augustus (1st century BC – 1st century AD)

Wife of Emperor Augustus, Livia was one of the most powerful women in ancient Rome. For more than fifty years, she wielded considerable influence over imperial politics. Mother of Emperor Tiberius, she was granted the title of "Augusta" after her death.

Key Facts

  • Born in 58 BC, Livia married Augustus in 38 BC after he had her divorced from her first husband, Tiberius Claudius Nero
  • She remained Augustus's wife for 51 years until his death in AD 14
  • In his will, Augustus adopted her and granted her the title of Augusta, making her the first woman in Roman history to bear that title
  • Her son Tiberius succeeded Augustus as the second Roman emperor in AD 14, ensuring the dynastic continuity of the Julio-Claudians
  • She died in AD 29 and was deified under Emperor Claudius in AD 42

Works & Achievements

Porticus Liviae (7 BC)

A public monument erected on the Esquiline Hill in Rome, dedicated by Augustus in honor of Livia. This portico surrounded a sanctuary dedicated to Concordia and symbolized the marital harmony of the imperial couple.

Temple of Bona Dea Subsaxana (c. 10 BC)

Livia had this temple restored and rededicated to Bona Dea, a Roman female deity. This act of piety reinforced her role as a guardian of traditional religious values.

Frescoes of the Villa of Livia (Prima Porta) (c. 30–20 BC)

A series of wall paintings adorning the underground triclinium of her villa, depicting a trompe-l'œil garden of remarkable botanical richness. Preserved in the National Roman Museum, they rank among the masterpieces of ancient painting.

Charitable Institutions for Poor Children (early 1st century AD)

Livia funded assistance programs for children from modest families in Rome, anticipating the alimenta later institutionalized by Trajan. These actions contributed to her public image as a benevolent mother of the fatherland.

Augustus's Will — Livia's Role (AD 14)

In his will, Augustus adopted Livia into the Julian family and bequeathed her a third of his fortune, conferring upon her the title of Augusta. This exceptional legal act granted her a formal authority unprecedented for a Roman woman.

Anecdotes

Livia was renowned for her sobriety and restraint, traditional Roman virtues she displayed conspicuously. It is said she spun wool herself and wore clothing woven by the women of her household, deliberately emulating the matrons of the old Republic.

Augustus and Livia married in 38 BC while she was pregnant with her second son by her first husband. This hasty marriage, considered scandalous by some, nevertheless lasted fifty-two years until Augustus's death in AD 14.

Livia owned a magnificent villa on the Palatine Hill, adorned with frescoes depicting a lush garden — the famous 'Villa di Livia' at Prima Porta. These paintings, now preserved in the National Roman Museum, depict birds, fruit trees, and flowers with striking realism.

After Augustus's death, Livia was deified by her grandson Emperor Claudius in AD 42, who granted her the title 'Diva Augusta.' Her cult was celebrated throughout the Empire, which was entirely exceptional for a Roman woman.

Tacitus and other ancient sources credit her with great influence over Augustus in political decisions, particularly in securing pardons or condemnations. Some ancient authors hostile to the Julio-Claudian dynasty even accused her of eliminating potential rivals to place her son Tiberius on the throne.

Primary Sources

Res Gestae Divi Augusti (14 AD)
Augustus mentions Livia in the context of his testamentary arrangements, bequeathing her a third of his fortune and granting her the title of Augusta.
Annals — Tacitus (c. 117 AD)
"Livia, a woman of resolute spirit and masculine judgment, had a mother's indulgence toward Augustus, a wife's compliance; but she was ill-suited to Tiberius's scheming."
The Twelve Caesars (Augustus, Tiberius) — Suetonius (c. 121 AD)
"Augustus never wrote anything of importance without first dictating and noting it down, for fear of saying too much or too little from memory. He consulted Livia on affairs of state."
Roman History — Cassius Dio (c. 220 AD)
"Livia wielded more power than any woman before her. She attended Augustus's deliberations and received ambassadors in audience."

Key Places

Palatine Hill — Rome

The hill where the imperial family resided. Livia lived here with Augustus in a modest palace, receiving ambassadors and political dignitaries from across the Empire.

Villa of Livia — Prima Porta

Livia's country residence, renowned for its extraordinarily well-preserved garden frescoes. It was here that the famous Augustus of Prima Porta statue was discovered.

Forum of Augustus — Rome

A monumental public space built by Augustus where Livia took part in major religious and civic ceremonies. She was honored there alongside her husband as an embodiment of Roman virtues.

Temple of Augustus — Rome (Palatine)

After Augustus's death, Livia oversaw the construction and dedication of the temple consecrated to her deified husband, taking on the role of priestess of his cult.

Portico of Livia — Rome

A large public portico built by Augustus in honor of Livia in 7 BC. This monument on the Esquiline Hill reflected her significance in Augustan dynastic propaganda.

Gallery


Portrait of the Artist's Daughters, Marie and Susanne and the Artist's Son, Karl / Marie, Susanne, and Karl, Three of the Artist's Childrenlabel QS:Len,"Portrait of the Artist's Daughters, Marie and

Portrait of the Artist's Daughters, Marie and Susanne and the Artist's Son, Karl / Marie, Susanne, and Karl, Three of the Artist's Childrenlabel QS:Len,"Portrait of the Artist's Daughters, Marie and

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Karl Friedrich Schinkel


The Contest of Apollo and Pan label QS:Lde,"Der Wettstreit von Apollo und Pan"label QS:Len,"The contest of Apollo and Pan"

The Contest of Apollo and Pan label QS:Lde,"Der Wettstreit von Apollo und Pan"label QS:Len,"The contest of Apollo and Pan"

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Hans Rottenhammer / Jan Brueghel the Elder


Portrait of Charlotte Berend-Corinthlabel QS:Len,"Portrait of Charlotte Berend-Corinth"label QS:Lde,"Porträt Charlotte Corinth"label QS:Lru,"Портрет Шарлотта Беренд-Коринт"

Portrait of Charlotte Berend-Corinthlabel QS:Len,"Portrait of Charlotte Berend-Corinth"label QS:Lde,"Porträt Charlotte Corinth"label QS:Lru,"Портрет Шарлотта Беренд-Коринт"

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Lovis Corinth


Bildnis Dr. Malte Wagner

Bildnis Dr. Malte Wagner

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Anita Rée


Ruin of a forest chapel in the snowlabel QS:Len,"Ruin of a forest chapel in the snow"label QS:Lde,"Ruine einer Waldkapelle im Schnee"

Ruin of a forest chapel in the snowlabel QS:Len,"Ruin of a forest chapel in the snow"label QS:Lde,"Ruine einer Waldkapelle im Schnee"

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Circle of Carl Gustav Carus


Explication des ouvrages de peinture et dessins, sculpture, architecture et gravure, des artistes vivans

Explication des ouvrages de peinture et dessins, sculpture, architecture et gravure, des artistes vivans

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Société des artistes français. Salon Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (France) Salon (Exhibition : Paris


Explication des ouvrages de peinture et dessins, sculpture, architecture et gravure, des artistes vivans

Explication des ouvrages de peinture et dessins, sculpture, architecture et gravure, des artistes vivans

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Société des artistes français. Salon Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (France) Salon (Exhibition : Paris

(Toulouse) Livie Musée Saint-Raymond Ra 340

(Toulouse) Livie Musée Saint-Raymond Ra 340

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Didier Descouens

Bronze statue of the Roman empress Livia from the Herculaneum theater

Bronze statue of the Roman empress Livia from the Herculaneum theater

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Chappsnet

Avignon - Musée lapidaire - statue de Livie

Avignon - Musée lapidaire - statue de Livie

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Marianne Casamance

See also