Sun Ra(1914 — 1993)

Sun Ra

États-Unis

6 min read

MusicCompositeur/trice20th CenturyAmerican jazz of the 20th century, from the swing era to free jazz and the avant-garde of the 1950s–1990s

Sun Ra (1914-1993) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and bandleader. A pioneer of the avant-garde, he founded the Sun Ra Arkestra and developed a “cosmic” aesthetic blending free jazz, Egyptian mysticism, and the imagery of outer space.

Frequently asked questions

Sun Ra (1914-1993) est un pianiste, compositeur et chef d'orchestre américain qui a radicalement transformé le jazz en y injectant une dimension cosmique et afrofuturiste. Ce qui le rend singulier, c'est qu'il ne s'est pas contenté de faire de la musique : il a construit tout un mythe autour de sa personne, affirmant avoir été transporté sur Saturne pour une mission de sauvetage de l'humanité. Il a fondé le Sun Ra Arkestra vers 1956, un grand orchestre mêlant free jazz, théâtre et mysticisme égyptien. Ce qu'il faut retenir, c'est qu'il est considéré comme un précurseur de l'afrofuturisme, un mouvement qui imagine un avenir noir à travers la science-fiction et la musique.

Famous Quotes

« Space is the place. »

Key Facts

  • Born in 1914 in Birmingham (Alabama) under the name Herman Poole Blount
  • Founded his big band, the Sun Ra Arkestra, in Chicago in the 1950s
  • Pioneer of the use of electronic keyboards in jazz (1950s–1960s)
  • A major figure of Afrofuturism and free jazz, with a discography spanning several hundred records
  • Died in 1993 in Birmingham; the Arkestra carries on his work after him

Works & Achievements

Founding of the Sun Ra Arkestra (c. 1956)

Creation of his large orchestra, a one-of-a-kind ensemble blending big band, free jazz, and theatrical staging, which would outlive him.

Jazz in Silhouette (1959)

A manifesto album heralding music turned toward the future and the “space age,” often cited as a high point of his work.

The Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra, Volume One (1965)

A radically avant-garde record with no fixed pulse, which became a touchstone of free jazz and experimental music.

The Magic City (1966)

A long collective suite inspired by Birmingham's nickname, a striking example of free orchestral improvisation.

Atlantis (1969)

An album in which Sun Ra explores electronic keyboards, showcasing his pioneering role in bringing electric sounds to jazz.

Space Is the Place (album) (1973)

An emblematic work of his cosmic philosophy, whose title became the slogan of his Afrofuturism.

Space Is the Place (film) (1974)

A science-fiction feature film in which Sun Ra plays his own character, arriving to save African Americans by taking them into space.

Anecdotes

Born Herman Poole Blount in Birmingham in 1914, the musician claimed all his life that, as a young man in the 1930s, he had been transported to Saturn by luminous beings who entrusted him with a mission: to guide humanity through music. Whether a genuine inner vision or a mythological tale he invented for himself, this story became the heart of his cosmic persona.

In 1942, during the Second World War, he refused to be drafted by declaring himself a conscientious objector. Summoned by the American authorities, he chose prison over the uniform and was briefly jailed before being assigned to civilian service, which he also rejected.

In 1952, he officially abandoned his birth name to become “Le Sony'r Ra,” after Ra, the sun god of ancient Egypt. For him, changing his name meant being reborn and breaking away from an identity imposed on him.

With his orchestra, the Sun Ra Arkestra, he enforced an almost monastic way of life: the musicians often lived together in the same house, rehearsed day and night, and both alcohol and drugs were forbidden. This iron discipline explains the band's exceptional longevity.

He was one of the very first jazz musicians to play electronic keyboards: as early as the late 1960s, he experimented with the Minimoog synthesizer—its inventor Robert Moog reportedly gave him a model—bringing “spacey” sounds into jazz.

Primary Sources

Space Is the Place (film), dialogue by Sun Ra (1974)
I'm not real. I'm just like you. You don't exist in this society. If you did, your people wouldn't be seeking equal rights.
Course “The Black Man in the Cosmos,” University of California, Berkeley (1971)
Sun Ra teaches an entire semester devoted to the place of the Black man in the universe, blending music, poetry, the Bible, and Egyptian mythology.
Cover and liner notes of the album “Jazz in Silhouette” (El Saturn Records) (1959)
The music of this album is a portrait of the future, the world of tomorrow, the world of the space age.

Key Places

Birmingham, Alabama

Birthplace and place of death of Sun Ra, nicknamed “The Magic City,” a title he would reuse for one of his albums.

Chicago, Illinois

City where he trained as a pianist, played with Fletcher Henderson, founded the Arkestra, and launched the El Saturn label during the 1940s and 1950s.

Germantown, Philadelphia

Neighborhood where, starting in 1968, Sun Ra set up the Arkestra's communal house, the band's home and rehearsal space.

New York

A major stage of the 1960s jazz avant-garde, where the Arkestra performed notably during long residencies in clubs.

Cairo, Egypt

A stop on the 1971 tour that fueled Sun Ra's fascination with the mythology and monuments of ancient Egypt.

See also