Hina

📷 Wikimedia Commons — domaine public — Paul Gauguin — 1894

MythologyBefore ChristPre-colonial Polynesian era (oral traditions predating European contact, before the 18th century)

Hina is a major goddess of the Polynesian pantheon, venerated across many Pacific cultures (Tahiti, Hawaii, Māori, Samoa). The quintessential lunar figure, she embodies femininity, natural cycles, and the arts of tapa cloth-making. Her tradition is exclusively oral, passed down through myths and sacred chants since the pre-colonial era.

Key Facts

Hina appears in virtually all Polynesian oral traditions — Tahitian, Hawaiian, Māori, Samoan, and Tongan — reflecting a very ancient pan-Polynesian mythological heritage.
In the Tahitian tradition (oral source), Hina dwells in the moon and is associated with monthly cycles and fertility.
She is credited with inventing tapa (beaten bark cloth), a fundamental female craft in pre-colonial Polynesian societies.
In Māori mythology (New Zealand), Hina (or Hine-keha) is the goddess of the full moon, counterpart to Hine-nui-te-pō, the goddess of death.
The stories surrounding Hina, transmitted exclusively through oral tradition, were partially transcribed by European missionaries and ethnologists from the 19th century onward (notably J.M. Orsmond for Tahiti).

Works & Achievements

Invention of tapa cloth (Mythical pre-colonial era)

Hina is credited in Polynesian myths as the inventor of tapa, a cloth made by beating the bark of the paper mulberry tree. This sacred textile art formed the foundation of the symbolic and ritual economy throughout Polynesia.

Creation of the coconut tree (Mythical pre-colonial era)

According to Samoan and Tahitian myths, the first coconut tree grew from the head of an eel who had fallen in love with Hina. Hina is thus credited with bringing into existence the most vital tree in Polynesian civilization.

Establishment of lunar cycles (Mythical pre-colonial era)

By taking up residence in the moon, Hina is said to have established the lunar cycles that govern Polynesian life: fishing, agriculture, navigation, and rites of passage are all organized according to the lunar calendar she embodies.

Kumulipo — Hawaiian cosmogonic chant (Hina's role) (Around the 17th century (oral transmission))

This 2,100-line genealogical chant, a cornerstone of Hawaiian oral tradition, names Hina among the primordial deities. It stands as one of the most elaborate oral literary works in all of Polynesia.

The myth of Māui and Hina (Transmitted since at least the 12th century)

A major narrative cycle found throughout Polynesia, in which Hina (sister or wife of the demigod Māui) plays a role of wisdom that tempers her brother's solar boldness. This myth continues to shape Māori and broader Polynesian cultural identity.

Anecdotes

Hina is often called 'Hina-i-ka-malama' in Hawaii, meaning 'Hina in the moon'. According to Hawaiian tradition, she fled to the moon to escape exhausting daily chores, and Polynesians still see her shadow today in the dark patches of the moon.

In Tahitian myths, Hina is the first woman to have made tapa, the sacred cloth obtained by beating the bark of the paper mulberry tree. This fundamental textile art was passed down from mother to daughter and was the visible sign of the bond between women and the goddess.

Among the Māori of New Zealand, Hina (or Hine-nui-te-pō) is the goddess of death and night. The demigod Māui attempted to pass through her sleeping body to win immortality for humankind, but failed — thus bringing death to all living beings.

In Samoa, Hina is associated with the sacred eel: according to the myth, the eel-god Te Tuna fell in love with her, and upon his death, his head was buried and gave rise to the first coconut tree, explaining why the coconut bears the 'face' of an eel.

In many Polynesian traditions, Hina is the sister or wife of the demigod Māui. This sibling relationship symbolizes the balance between masculine solar strength and feminine lunar wisdom — two complementary forces that structure the Polynesian cosmos.

Primary Sources

Traditions of Tahiti — collected by Teuira Henry (Passed down orally before the 18th century, recorded by Teuira Henry around 1893)

Hina was the daughter of Taaroa and lived in the moon. She beat her tapa on the sacred rock, and the sound of her beater echoed to the neighboring islands like a call for women to work.

Kumulipo Genealogical Chant (Hawaii) (Composed around the 17th century, transcribed in 1889)

Hina-hanaia-i-ka-malama, the woman who works in the moon, is invoked in Hawaiian cosmogony as a primordial force associated with the cycles of life.

Myths and Legends of the Māori — Sir George Grey (Māori oral traditions, collected and published by Grey in 1855)

Hine-nui-te-pō was great and terrible; her eyes were of green jade, her hair like seaweed, and her mouth like that of a barracuda.

Legends of Polynesia — collected by Émile Jonquet (Tahitian oral tradition, collected in the late 19th century)

Hina took the bark of the aute, soaked it in the water of the sacred river, and beat it until it became as supple as skin. Thus was born the first tapa, an offering to the gods.

Key Places

Moon (Malama / Marama)

Hina's celestial dwelling in nearly all Polynesian traditions. According to Hawaiian and Tahitian beliefs, the goddess retreated there to find peace and still beats her tapa eternally to this day.

Faarumai Valley — Tahiti

A sacred site in Tahiti where, according to oral tradition, Hina is said to have beaten her first tapa on the rocks of the river. The sound of the water evokes the rhythm of her ike in the stories of the elders.

Marae Taputapuatea — Raiatea (Society Islands)

A great Polynesian temple (marae) considered the spiritual center of Polynesia and listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. A gathering place for priests and the recitation of foundational myths, including those of Hina.

Puna — Big Island of Hawaii

A volcanic region of Hawaii associated with Hina-i-ka-malama and the traditions of tapa weavers. Lava caves served as sanctuaries where women would invoke Hina during the making of tapa cloth.

Rotorua — New Zealand

A central region of the Māori North Island, homeland of the stories of Hine-nui-te-pō. The bubbling thermal springs were associated with the breath of the goddess of death in Māori cosmology.