Pele

Pele

MythologyBefore ChristPre-colonial Polynesian era (oral tradition transmitted since the first Polynesian settlers arrived in Hawaiʻi, around the 5th–7th century CE)

Goddess of fire, volcanoes, and creation in Hawaiian mythology, Pele is a central figure in Polynesian oral tradition. She is said to dwell in the Halemaʻumaʻu crater of the Kīlauea volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi. Her myth, passed down orally by the Hawaiian people, explains the formation of the volcanic islands of the Pacific.

Key Facts

  • According to Hawaiian oral tradition, Pele originally came from Kahiki (a term referring to a distant land, likely the Society Islands or the Marquesas)
  • She is said to have fled her homeland after a conflict with her sister Nāmaka, goddess of the sea, and journeyed from island to island before settling at Kīlauea
  • Volcanic eruptions were interpreted by Hawaiians as expressions of her anger or her creative power
  • Her myth is documented in traditional chants (mele) and narrative accounts (moʻolelo) collected from the 19th century onward by ethnographers such as Martha Beckwith
  • Pele is still venerated today by a portion of the indigenous Hawaiian population

Works & Achievements

Creation of the Hawaiian Islands (cosmogonic myth) (ancient oral tradition)

In Hawaiian mythology, Pele is credited with the continuous formation of the Hawaiian Islands through her eruptions. This narrative is considered the primary 'work' attributed to the goddess in the oral tradition.

Epic cycle Pele and Hiʻiaka (oral tradition, transcribed in 1915)

A long epic poem spanning several thousand verses, passed down orally by haku mele (masters of chant), recounting the adventures of Pele and her beloved sister Hiʻiaka. It is considered the masterpiece of Polynesian oral literature.

Hula pahu — ritual dances in honor of Pele (pre-colonial tradition)

A body of sacred hula chants and dances dedicated to Pele, performed during religious ceremonies. These performances served both as acts of devotion and as a living transmission of the myth.

Moʻolelo (narrative tales) of Pele and Lohiʻau (oral tradition, collected in the 19th century)

Stories of the romantic relationship between Pele and the demigod Lohiʻau, exploring themes of jealousy, devotion, and divine power. These moʻolelo are among the most beloved tales in Hawaiian tradition.

Kī hōʻalu (Hawaiian slack-key guitar music) inspired by Pele (19th–20th century)

Following European contact, Hawaiian music incorporated new instruments while preserving traditional themes. Many Hawaiian slide guitar pieces evoke Pele and the volcanic landscapes of the islands.

Anecdotes

According to Hawaiian tradition, Pele left her homeland — likely Tahiti or the Marquesas — after a dispute with her sister Nāmaka, goddess of the sea. She crossed the Pacific Ocean from island to island, digging craters to establish her home, until she found refuge in Kīlauea, deep enough that Nāmaka's waters could not reach her.

Pele is also known for her tragic love affair with the demigod Lohiʻau. She first saw him in a dream, played the drum and danced the hula with him, then sent her sister Hiʻiaka to bring him to her. Pele's jealousy triggered a series of volcanic catastrophes, illustrating how divine emotions shape the physical landscape of the islands.

In many Hawaiian stories, Pele appears disguised as an old woman or a young beauty to test the generosity of mortals. Those who welcome her and offer her food receive her protection; those who turn her away risk seeing lava swallow their lands. This tradition explains why hospitality was a core value in Hawaiian culture.

Kīlauea's eruptions are still interpreted by some Hawaiians today as expressions of Pele's mood. When lava flows toward the sea, it is said that Pele is expanding her domain and creating new land — a vision of destruction as an act of continuous creation, central to Polynesian cosmogony.

The Hawaiian epic chant 'Pele and Hiiaka', passed down orally for centuries before being transcribed in the twentieth century, describes in detail the adventures of Pele and her favorite sister. This narrative, spanning several thousand verses, is considered one of the richest works of literature in all of Polynesia.

Primary Sources

He Mele no Pele — Ceremonial Chant in Honor of Pele (oral tradition predating the 19th century)
Traditional Hawaiian chant transmitted orally by kahuna (priests) and chanters, describing Pele's creative power, her journeys, and her settlement in Kīlauea. Collected and partially transcribed by missionaries and Hawaiian scholars in the 19th century.
Pele and Hiʻiaka — transcription by Nathaniel B. Emerson (1915)
Emerson gathered from Hawaiian chanters the epic songs recounting the adventures of Pele and her sister Hiʻiaka. He writes: 'These chants constitute the great Hawaiian epic, passed down from generation to generation by specialists in oral memory, the haku mele.'
Traditions of Hawaiʻi — collection by Martha Beckwith (1940)
Beckwith brought together Hawaiian mythological narratives collected from the last keepers of the oral tradition: 'Pele is described as the great ancestress, she whose body is the earth itself, and whose breath is the steam rising from the craters.'
Accounts of Hawaiian aliʻi (chiefs) recorded by David Malo (c. 1840)
David Malo, a 19th-century Hawaiian scholar, recorded in his work Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi fragments of Pele's mythology as transmitted by the chiefs and priests of his time, highlighting her role as the founding deity of the Hawaiian volcanic landscape.

Key Places

Halemaʻumaʻu Crater, Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi

Pele's primary home according to Hawaiian tradition. This active crater on the Big Island is considered the goddess's sacred dwelling, and the eruptions that occur there are interpreted as her manifestations.

Hawaiʻi Island (Big Island)

The largest and youngest island in the archipelago, shaped entirely by volcanic activity. It is considered Pele's favored domain — the island she created and continues to mold.

Hawaiian Island Chain (northwest to southeast)

Pele's journey from her earliest islands to Kīlauea mirrors the northwest-to-southeast alignment of the Hawaiian Islands, from oldest to youngest — a striking parallel between myth and geology.

Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park

A sacred area encompassing Kīlauea and Mauna Loa, it serves as a place of pilgrimage for Hawaiians connected to their traditions. Visitors are traditionally asked not to take volcanic rocks, out of respect for Pele.

Kahiki (mythical homeland — Tahiti or the Marquesas)

According to tradition, Pele originates from Kahiki, the Hawaiian term for the distant ancestral homeland of the Polynesian people. This reference grounds the myth in the memory of the great Pacific migrations.

Gallery

Gedenktafel Waldschulallee 34 (Westend) Hans Rosenthal–Elf

Gedenktafel Waldschulallee 34 (Westend) Hans Rosenthal–Elf

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 — OTFW, Berlin

Pele by D. Howard Hitchcock (ca.1927-1929)

Pele by D. Howard Hitchcock (ca.1927-1929)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — D. Howard Hitchcock

Praça do Pelé

Praça do Pelé

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Diegobiavati

Museu Terra do Rei

Museu Terra do Rei

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Diegobiavati

Lucien Degeorges aux côtés de Pelé

Lucien Degeorges aux côtés de Pelé

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Martin DEGEORGES

Pele con brasil (cropped)

Pele con brasil (cropped)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Unknown authorUnknown author

De estudante a piloto de avião, Pelé em cem imagens raras fora do futebol (88)

De estudante a piloto de avião, Pelé em cem imagens raras fora do futebol (88)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — José Herrera/A Tribuna


A history of Northumberland. issued under the direction of the Northumberland county history committee

A history of Northumberland. issued under the direction of the Northumberland county history committee

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Northumberland county history committee Bateson, Edward Hinds, A. B. (Allen Banks), 1870- Hodgson, John Crawford Cr


A history of Northumberland. issued under the direction of the Northumberland county history committee

A history of Northumberland. issued under the direction of the Northumberland county history committee

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Northumberland county history committee Bateson, Edward Hinds, A. B. (Allen Banks), 1870- Hodgson, John Crawford Cr


A history of Northumberland. issued under the direction of the Northumberland county history committee

A history of Northumberland. issued under the direction of the Northumberland county history committee

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Northumberland county history committee Bateson, Edward Hinds, A. B. (Allen Banks), 1870- Hodgson, John Crawford Cr

See also