Pele
Pele
Goddess of fire, volcanoes, and creation in Hawaiian mythology, Pele is a central figure in Polynesian oral tradition. She is said to dwell in the Halemaʻumaʻu crater of the Kīlauea volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi. Her myth, passed down orally by the Hawaiian people, explains the formation of the volcanic islands of the Pacific.
Key Facts
- According to Hawaiian oral tradition, Pele originally came from Kahiki (a term referring to a distant land, likely the Society Islands or the Marquesas)
- She is said to have fled her homeland after a conflict with her sister Nāmaka, goddess of the sea, and journeyed from island to island before settling at Kīlauea
- Volcanic eruptions were interpreted by Hawaiians as expressions of her anger or her creative power
- Her myth is documented in traditional chants (mele) and narrative accounts (moʻolelo) collected from the 19th century onward by ethnographers such as Martha Beckwith
- Pele is still venerated today by a portion of the indigenous Hawaiian population
Works & Achievements
In Hawaiian mythology, Pele is credited with the continuous formation of the Hawaiian Islands through her eruptions. This narrative is considered the primary 'work' attributed to the goddess in the oral tradition.
A long epic poem spanning several thousand verses, passed down orally by haku mele (masters of chant), recounting the adventures of Pele and her beloved sister Hiʻiaka. It is considered the masterpiece of Polynesian oral literature.
A body of sacred hula chants and dances dedicated to Pele, performed during religious ceremonies. These performances served both as acts of devotion and as a living transmission of the myth.
Stories of the romantic relationship between Pele and the demigod Lohiʻau, exploring themes of jealousy, devotion, and divine power. These moʻolelo are among the most beloved tales in Hawaiian tradition.
Following European contact, Hawaiian music incorporated new instruments while preserving traditional themes. Many Hawaiian slide guitar pieces evoke Pele and the volcanic landscapes of the islands.
Anecdotes
According to Hawaiian tradition, Pele left her homeland — likely Tahiti or the Marquesas — after a dispute with her sister Nāmaka, goddess of the sea. She crossed the Pacific Ocean from island to island, digging craters to establish her home, until she found refuge in Kīlauea, deep enough that Nāmaka's waters could not reach her.
Pele is also known for her tragic love affair with the demigod Lohiʻau. She first saw him in a dream, played the drum and danced the hula with him, then sent her sister Hiʻiaka to bring him to her. Pele's jealousy triggered a series of volcanic catastrophes, illustrating how divine emotions shape the physical landscape of the islands.
In many Hawaiian stories, Pele appears disguised as an old woman or a young beauty to test the generosity of mortals. Those who welcome her and offer her food receive her protection; those who turn her away risk seeing lava swallow their lands. This tradition explains why hospitality was a core value in Hawaiian culture.
Kīlauea's eruptions are still interpreted by some Hawaiians today as expressions of Pele's mood. When lava flows toward the sea, it is said that Pele is expanding her domain and creating new land — a vision of destruction as an act of continuous creation, central to Polynesian cosmogony.
The Hawaiian epic chant 'Pele and Hiiaka', passed down orally for centuries before being transcribed in the twentieth century, describes in detail the adventures of Pele and her favorite sister. This narrative, spanning several thousand verses, is considered one of the richest works of literature in all of Polynesia.
Primary Sources
Traditional Hawaiian chant transmitted orally by kahuna (priests) and chanters, describing Pele's creative power, her journeys, and her settlement in Kīlauea. Collected and partially transcribed by missionaries and Hawaiian scholars in the 19th century.
Emerson gathered from Hawaiian chanters the epic songs recounting the adventures of Pele and her sister Hiʻiaka. He writes: 'These chants constitute the great Hawaiian epic, passed down from generation to generation by specialists in oral memory, the haku mele.'
Beckwith brought together Hawaiian mythological narratives collected from the last keepers of the oral tradition: 'Pele is described as the great ancestress, she whose body is the earth itself, and whose breath is the steam rising from the craters.'
David Malo, a 19th-century Hawaiian scholar, recorded in his work Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi fragments of Pele's mythology as transmitted by the chiefs and priests of his time, highlighting her role as the founding deity of the Hawaiian volcanic landscape.
Key Places
Pele's primary home according to Hawaiian tradition. This active crater on the Big Island is considered the goddess's sacred dwelling, and the eruptions that occur there are interpreted as her manifestations.
The largest and youngest island in the archipelago, shaped entirely by volcanic activity. It is considered Pele's favored domain — the island she created and continues to mold.
Pele's journey from her earliest islands to Kīlauea mirrors the northwest-to-southeast alignment of the Hawaiian Islands, from oldest to youngest — a striking parallel between myth and geology.
A sacred area encompassing Kīlauea and Mauna Loa, it serves as a place of pilgrimage for Hawaiians connected to their traditions. Visitors are traditionally asked not to take volcanic rocks, out of respect for Pele.
According to tradition, Pele originates from Kahiki, the Hawaiian term for the distant ancestral homeland of the Polynesian people. This reference grounds the myth in the memory of the great Pacific migrations.
Gallery
Gedenktafel Waldschulallee 34 (Westend) Hans Rosenthal–Elf
Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 — OTFW, Berlin
De estudante a piloto de avião, Pelé em cem imagens raras fora do futebol (88)
Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — José Herrera/A Tribuna
A history of Northumberland. issued under the direction of the Northumberland county history committee
Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Northumberland county history committee Bateson, Edward Hinds, A. B. (Allen Banks), 1870- Hodgson, John Crawford Cr



