Rembrandt

Rembrandt

1606 — 1669

Provinces-Unies

Visual ArtsEarly Modern17th century — Dutch Golden Age, Baroque period, rise of merchant capitalism and the Protestant bourgeoisie in the Dutch Republic

Rembrandt van Rijn was a Dutch painter and etcher of the 17th century, considered one of the greatest masters of Western painting. A virtuoso of chiaroscuro, he excelled in portraits, biblical scenes, and self-portraits. His work, marked by profound humanity, has had a lasting influence on the history of art.

Key Facts

  • 1606: born in Leiden (Dutch Republic)
  • 1632: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, which brought him immediate fame in Amsterdam
  • 1642: The Night Watch, a monumental masterpiece commissioned by a bourgeois militia in Amsterdam
  • 1656: bankruptcy and auction of his belongings, a sign of the financial precarity artists faced in the marketplace
  • 1669: died in Amsterdam, leaving a body of work comprising over 300 paintings, 300 etchings, and 2,000 drawings

Works & Achievements

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1632)

A group portrait commissioned by the Amsterdam Surgeons' Guild, depicting a public dissection. This work revolutionized the collective portrait by infusing it with dramatic tension and a new narrative unity.

The Night Watch (The Company of Frans Banninck Cocq) (1642)

A monumental painting depicting a bourgeois militia company in motion, bathed in brilliant artificial light. A masterpiece of Dutch Baroque, it showcases Rembrandt's absolute mastery of composition and chiaroscuro.

Self-Portrait with Two Circles (c. 1665–1669)

One of Rembrandt's last and most powerful self-portraits, painted near the end of his ruined life. He portrays himself with a striking serenity and dignity, holding his brushes before a mysterious canvas adorned with two circles.

The Return of the Prodigal Son (c. 1668)

A monumental biblical painting considered Rembrandt's spiritual testament. The embrace between the father and his repentant son, rendered with infinite tenderness, is regarded as one of the most moving scenes in the entire history of painting.

The Syndics of the Drapers' Guild (De Staalmeesters) (1662)

A collective portrait of five inspectors of the Amsterdam Drapers' Guild, commissioned by the guild. Rembrandt succeeds in giving the impression that the figures are looking directly at the viewer, creating a striking illusion of living presence.

The Three Crosses (1653)

A monumental etching depicting the Crucifixion, considered the pinnacle of his printmaking art. Rembrandt reworked the plate over several years to introduce a ray of divine light of exceptional dramatic intensity.

Anecdotes

Rembrandt was one of the first artists to use the self-portrait in a systematic way: more than a hundred are attributed to him, created throughout his life. These works form a genuine visual diary, tracing the evolution of his face from ambitious young man to ruined old age, with striking psychological honesty.

In 1656, Rembrandt was declared insolvent and forced to auction off his entire impressive personal collection. He had amassed hundreds of works of art, suits of armor, exotic curiosities, and Japanese prints — a testament to his insatiable intellectual curiosity and passion as a collector.

The Night Watch, commissioned in 1642 by a group of militiamen who had paid to be depicted in it, caused astonishment: some figures were shown half-hidden or seen from behind, which was highly unusual for an official group portrait. It is said that some dissatisfied patrons demanded their money back.

Rembrandt almost never traveled outside the Dutch Republic, yet his Amsterdam studio was frequented by merchants from around the world who brought him precious fabrics, oriental costumes, and exotic objects. He used these as props to lend remarkable visual authenticity to his biblical scenes.

Unlike court painters who worked for princes, Rembrandt practiced his art in a bourgeois, Protestant city where the art market was open and competitive. He built a true school of painting, teaching dozens of students whose works he sometimes sold as his own — a common practice at the time, though one that occasionally stirred controversy.

Primary Sources

Letter from Rembrandt to Constantijn Huygens (January 12, 1639) (1639)
The two paintings that Your Lordship commissioned are now completed through my diligent efforts and particular study... I believe you will find in them the greatest and most natural emotion.
Deed of sale for the house on Sint Anthonisbreestraat, Amsterdam (1639)
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, painter, acknowledges having purchased this house for the sum of thirteen thousand florins, of which four thousand two hundred and twenty were paid in cash.
Rembrandt's bankruptcy inventory (Desolate Boedelskamer, Amsterdam) (1656)
A large number of paintings, sketches, and drawings by Rembrandt's hand; a collection of armor, helmets, and Japanese swords; print books by Lucas van Leyden, Raphael, Michelangelo, and other masters.
Arnold Houbraken, De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen (1718)
Rembrandt was very miserly and kept his pupils in separate attic rooms divided by partitions so that they would not copy one another. He liked to mix with common people and frequented auctions to buy clothing and props.
Commission contract for The Night Watch by the company of Captain Frans Banninck Cocq (1642)
Each of the eighteen militiamen contributed according to his rank to the payment of painter Rembrandt van Rijn for the execution of a large painting depicting their company in arms.

Key Places

Leiden, Netherlands

Rembrandt's birthplace, a thriving university and textile center. It was here that he was born in 1606, received his education, and began his career as a painter before moving to Amsterdam.

Rembrandt House Museum (Rembrandthuis), Amsterdam

Rembrandt purchased this house on the Sint Anthonisbreestraat in 1639 for 13,000 guilders. It housed his studio and collection until his bankruptcy in 1656; it is now a museum.

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

This national museum holds Rembrandt's greatest masterpieces, including The Night Watch (1642), considered the most famous painting in the Netherlands.

Westerkerk, Amsterdam

A large Protestant church in the Jordaan district where Rembrandt was buried in a pauper's grave in 1669. It is also the resting place of Saskia, his beloved wife.

Mauritshuis, The Hague

This royal museum holds several major works by Rembrandt, including The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1632), his first major commission, which brought him fame in Amsterdam.

Gallery


George Washington

George Washington

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Rembrandt Peale


Self-portrait

Self-portrait

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Rembrandt


Portrait of a Woman
label QS:Les,"Retrato de una mujer"
label QS:Lhu,"Női portré"
label QS:Let,"Naise portree"
label QS:Lru,"Женский портрет"
label QS:Lde,"Porträt einer Frau"
label QS:Lpt,"Retrato d

Portrait of a Woman label QS:Les,"Retrato de una mujer" label QS:Lhu,"Női portré" label QS:Let,"Naise portree" label QS:Lru,"Женский портрет" label QS:Lde,"Porträt einer Frau" label QS:Lpt,"Retrato d

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Zygmunt Sidorowicz

PORTRAIT OF CHARLES HODGE, Rembrandt Peale

PORTRAIT OF CHARLES HODGE, Rembrandt Peale

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Rembrandt Peale

Self-portrait painting by Rembrandt-Uffizi Gallery

Self-portrait painting by Rembrandt-Uffizi Gallery

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Yair Haklai

Bredevoort (NL), Rembrandt's Hendrikje -- 2018 -- 1847

Bredevoort (NL), Rembrandt's Hendrikje -- 2018 -- 1847

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Dietmar Rabich

Bredevoort (NL), Rembrandt's Hendrikje -- 2018 -- 1847 (cropped)

Bredevoort (NL), Rembrandt's Hendrikje -- 2018 -- 1847 (cropped)

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Dietmar Rabich

Shiva Nataraja, AK-MAK-187

Shiva Nataraja, AK-MAK-187

Wikimedia Commons, CC0 — Rijksmuseum


The history of American sculpture

The history of American sculpture

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Taft, Lorado, 1860-1936


Het meisje met de parel (Girl with a Pearl Earring)

Het meisje met de parel (Girl with a Pearl Earring)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Johannes Vermeer

See also