Alexander Pushkin

Alexander Pushkin

1799 — 1837

Empire russe

LiteratureDramaturge19th Century19th-century Russia, the age of Romanticism and the reigns of Tsars Alexander I and Nicholas I

Considered the father of modern Russian literature, Pushkin (1799–1837) wrote foundational works such as Eugene Onegin and The Queen of Spades. Killed in a duel at 37, he embodies Russian Romanticism.

Famous Quotes

« I have erected a monument to myself not made by human hands. »
« O thou who art my muse, my light, my life! »

Key Facts

  • Born in Moscow in 1799 into a noble family of partial African descent through his maternal great-grandfather
  • Exiled by Tsar Alexander I from 1820 to 1826 for his liberal ideas
  • Published Eugene Onegin between 1825 and 1832, a novel in verse regarded as a masterpiece of Russian literature
  • Monitored by tsarist censorship throughout his career under Nicholas I
  • Died in a duel on February 10, 1837, in Saint Petersburg, mortally wounded by his brother-in-law

Works & Achievements

Ruslan and Ludmila (1820)

Pushkin's first major narrative poem, inspired by Russian folk tales and the epic tradition. It revealed to the public a young genius capable of renewing the Russian poetic language by infusing it with humor, lightness, and national color.

Eugene Onegin (1825-1832)

A novel in verse considered Pushkin's absolute masterpiece and an encyclopedia of 19th-century Russian life. The character of Onegin, a disillusioned aristocrat incapable of love, gave birth to the type of the 'superfluous man' in Russian literature.

Boris Godunov (1825)

A historical drama in prose and verse inspired by Shakespeare, tracing the reign of Tsar Boris Godunov and the Time of Troubles. Censored by Nicholas I, it was not performed on stage until after the author's death.

The Queen of Spades (1833)

A fantastical short story blending card games, obsession, and madness in imperial Saint Petersburg. This brief and dense narrative, strikingly modern in feel, is considered a model of the genre and inspired a celebrated opera by Tchaikovsky.

The Bronze Horseman (1833)

An epic poem featuring the equestrian statue of Peter the Great and a lowly clerk ruined by the flood of 1824. The text masterfully sets the grandeur of the state against the crushing of the individual.

The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin (1831)

A collection of five prose tales, the first major prose narrative cycle in Russian literature. With humor and economy of means, Pushkin explores universal human situations: love, chance, and death.

The Moor of Peter the Great (unfinished) (1827)

An unfinished historical novel tracing the youth of Abram Petrovich Gannibal, Pushkin's African ancestor. This deeply autobiographical text reflects the poet's attachment to his singular origins.

Anecdotes

Pushkin was a passionate gambler and lived his entire life buried in debt. One evening, he wagered the entire first chapter of Eugene Onegin in a game of whist — and lost. He had to buy back his own manuscript in order to publish it.

At the age of 15, during the inauguration of the Imperial Lyceum at Tsarskoye Selo in 1815, Pushkin recited a poem before the elderly Derzhavin, the greatest Russian poet of the era. Derzhavin was so moved that he wanted to embrace the young prodigy, but the boy fled the room, red-faced with shyness.

Pushkin was exiled twice by the Tsar: first in 1820 to the south of Russia for poems deemed subversive, then in 1824 to his family estate at Mikhaylovskoye. It was during this second exile that he wrote some of his greatest works, transforming his punishment into a period of extraordinary creative output.

The fatal duel of January 27, 1837 pitted Pushkin against Baron Georges d'Anthès, a French officer in the Tsar's service, whose persistent pursuit of his wife Natalya had humiliated the poet. Shot in the abdomen, Pushkin took two days to die. His final words were addressed to his books: "Farewell, my friends."

Pushkin had African ancestry through his great-grandfather Abram Petrovich Gannibal, an Ethiopian general who had been brought to Russia as a slave, then freed and adopted by Peter the Great. The poet was proud of this heritage and drew upon it in his unfinished novel The Moor of Peter the Great.

Primary Sources

Eugene Onegin, Chapter I, Stanza I (1825)
My uncle, a man of the strictest integrity, by falling gravely ill has won everyone's respect and could not have done better. His example is a lesson to others.
Letter from Pushkin to his wife Natalia, October 30, 1833 (1833)
I am only happy in the countryside. In Petersburg, I suffocate. My thoughts cannot flow freely there. At Boldino, I wrote as I had never written before.
Pushkin's diary, entry on the Decembrist uprising (1834)
Many of my friends were among the conspirators, and I was absent from Senate Square only by chance. I owe it to my exile that I was not implicated.
The Bronze Horseman, dedication and prologue (1833)
I love you, Peter's creation! I love your stern and graceful aspect, the majestic flow of the Neva, its granite banks.
Letter from Pushkin to Tsar Nicholas I requesting permission to travel (1826)
I humbly beseech Your Majesty for permission to travel abroad to attend to my health and family affairs, pledging to remain faithful to my duties to the State.

Key Places

Imperial Lyceum of Tsarskoye Selo

It was at this elite lyceum, founded by Alexander I, that Pushkin spent his formative years from 1811 to 1817. There he forged lifelong friendships and revealed his precocious poetic genius.

Saint Petersburg

The imperial capital and setting of many of Pushkin's works, including The Bronze Horseman and The Queen of Spades. The poet lived his years of fame there and met his death in a duel in 1837.

Mikhaylovskoye Estate

The family estate in the Pskov region where Pushkin was placed under house arrest from 1824 to 1826. It was there that he wrote Boris Godunov and continued Eugene Onegin, turning exile into a crucible of creativity.

Boldino (paternal estate, Nizhny Novgorod)

In the autumn of 1830, stranded by a cholera epidemic, Pushkin experienced at Boldino one of the most productive periods of his life: in three months he wrote some thirty major works.

Moscow, birthplace (Basmanny Street)

Pushkin was born in Moscow on June 6, 1799, into a family of minor nobility. The ancient, vibrant, and colorful city contrasts with imperial Saint Petersburg and fed his imagination with images of old Russia.

Gallery

Aleksandr Pushkin - portrait of childhood

Aleksandr Pushkin - portrait of childhood

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Работа неизвѣстнаго автора, 24 August 2004 (Own work)


Portrait of Alexander Pushkin (1799—1837)

Portrait of Alexander Pushkin (1799—1837)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Orest Kiprensky


Russian:  «Portrait of поэта А. С. Пушкина»Portrait of A. S. Pushkintitle QS:P1476,ru:"Portrait of поэта А. С. Пушкина"label QS:Lru,"Portrait of поэта А. С. Пушкина"label QS:Len,"Portrait of A. S. Pu

Russian: «Portrait of поэта А. С. Пушкина»Portrait of A. S. Pushkintitle QS:P1476,ru:"Portrait of поэта А. С. Пушкина"label QS:Lru,"Portrait of поэта А. С. Пушкина"label QS:Len,"Portrait of A. S. Pu

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Orest Kiprensky

The Soviet Union 1949 CPA 1401 block of 4 (Pushkin portrait by Kiprensky. Illustration for the 'Bronze Horseman')

The Soviet Union 1949 CPA 1401 block of 4 (Pushkin portrait by Kiprensky. Illustration for the 'Bronze Horseman')

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — USSR Post

The Soviet Union 1949 CPA 1401 stamp (Pushkin portrait by Kiprensky. Illustration for the 'Bronze Horseman')

The Soviet Union 1949 CPA 1401 stamp (Pushkin portrait by Kiprensky. Illustration for the 'Bronze Horseman')

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — USSR Post

С. Г. Чириков - Александр Сергеевич Пушкин (акварель)

С. Г. Чириков - Александр Сергеевич Пушкин (акварель)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — С. Г. Чириков (?)

Pushkin statue

Pushkin statue

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Armenak Margarian

Complete academic works of Pushkin. img 03

Complete academic works of Pushkin. img 03

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Scanning Dmitry Makeev, scan date - 2019 year.

Complete academic works of Pushkin. img 02

Complete academic works of Pushkin. img 02

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Scanning Dmitry Makeev, scan date - 2019 year.

Serov Alexander Pushkin on a Park Bench

Serov Alexander Pushkin on a Park Bench

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Valentin Serov

See also