Amerigo Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci

1454 — 1512

République florentine, couronne de Castille

LiteratureExplorationExplorateur/triceRenaissanceRenaissance (15th–16th century), Age of Exploration

Florentine navigator and explorer (1454–1512), Amerigo Vespucci made several voyages to the New World between 1499 and 1504. He was the first to understand that the lands discovered by Christopher Columbus formed an unknown continent, which was named after him: America.

Key Facts

  • Born in Florence in 1454 into a cultured merchant family with close ties to the Medici
  • First voyage to the New World in 1499, in service of Spain, along the coasts of South America
  • During his second voyage (1501–1502), he recognized that the discovered lands formed a continent distinct from Asia
  • His travel letters, including the famous Mundus Novus (1503), were circulated throughout Europe thanks to the printing press
  • In 1507, cartographer Martin Waldseemüller named the new continent 'America' in his honor

Works & Achievements

Mundus Novus (1503)

A Latin letter describing Vespucci's second voyage to Brazil, asserting for the first time that the lands discovered constituted a 'New World'. Translated into several languages and reprinted many times, it made Vespucci a celebrity across Europe.

Lettera a Soderini (Quatuor Navigationes) (1504)

A lengthy letter addressed to Piero Soderini, Gonfaloniere of Florence, describing four voyages to the New World. This foundational text established Vespucci's reputation as the discoverer of the American continent.

Contributions to the Padrón Real (1508-1512)

As Piloto Mayor, Vespucci was tasked with maintaining Spain's secret official map of all discovered lands. Though little known to the general public, this state cartographic work was a major contribution to the geography of the era.

Astronomical Observations of the Southern Stars (1499-1504)

Vespucci recorded unprecedented observations of constellations in the southern hemisphere, unknown to Europeans at the time. His measurements of the Southern Cross and other austral stars helped renew the field of celestial cartography.

Anecdotes

Amerigo Vespucci was not a sailor by training: before taking to the sea, he worked as a commercial agent for the Medici family in Seville, responsible for supplying expeditions with food and equipment. It was through this work that he came into contact with the world of exploration and decided, past the age of forty, to set sail himself.

It was through his letters published across Europe — most notably the famous account 'Mundus Novus' (1503) — that Amerigo Vespucci became renowned. These texts, translated into several languages, caused a sensation by describing peoples, animals, and landscapes entirely unknown to Europeans, in a vivid and detailed style.

In 1507, German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller proposed naming the new continent 'America' in honor of Amerigo Vespucci, on his large world map printed in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges. Waldseemüller later regretted this choice and attempted to revert to other names, but the term 'America' had already entered common usage.

Vespucci was among the first to use the positions of southern stars to calculate longitude at sea, an astronomical method of remarkable precision for the time. His calculations allowed him to estimate the circumference of the Earth with a surprisingly small margin of error.

In 1508, King Ferdinand II of Spain created for Vespucci the position of 'Chief Pilot' (Piloto Mayor), tasked with training navigators and maintaining the official Spanish map of discovered territories, the Padrón Real. Vespucci held this post until his death in 1512.

Primary Sources

Mundus Novus (1503)
The inhabitants of these regions have neither king nor lord, know nothing of obedience, and each lives as he pleases. They have no lands of their own, for all things are held in common.
Letter to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici (Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci delle isole nuovamente trovate) (1503)
I have concluded that these lands constitute a New World, for none of our ancestors had any knowledge of them, and what I have seen there surpasses everything they ever wrote.
Letter to Piero Soderini (Lettera a Soderini) (1504)
We sailed along this coast for about two thousand leagues, always pressing onward in discovery, and never did we find a passage toward the Eastern Sea.
Cosmographiae Introductio, Martin Waldseemüller (1507)
Since Americus Vespucius made its discovery, we see no reason why it could not be called Amerige — that is, the Land of Americus — or America.

Key Places

Florence, Italy

Vespucci's birthplace and the intellectual and artistic heart of the Renaissance. It was here that he received his humanist education and forged his ties with the Medici family, connections that would shape his entire career.

Seville, Spain

The main departure port for expeditions to the New World, and the city where Vespucci settled from 1492 onward. He held the position of Piloto Mayor there until his death in 1512.

Coasts of Brazil and Venezuela

The regions explored by Vespucci during his voyages from 1499 to 1504. It was by sailing along thousands of kilometers of these coastlines that he realized these lands formed a continent distinct from Asia.

Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, France

The town where cartographer Waldseemüller published in 1507 the map on which the name 'America' appeared for the very first time. This place symbolizes the posthumous recognition of Vespucci's role in mapping the world.

Cape Saint Augustine, Brazil

The easternmost point of northeastern Brazil, a landmark during the 1501 voyage. Vespucci conducted astronomical observations there that allowed him to estimate longitude with exceptional accuracy for the time.

Gallery

Portrait of Amerigo Vespucci

Portrait of Amerigo Vespucci

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Officially unknown (poss. Cristofano dell'Altissimo)

Alleged portrait of Amerigo Vespucci (actually Castaldi)

Alleged portrait of Amerigo Vespucci (actually Castaldi)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — After Michelangelo Anselmi / Formerly attributed to Parmigianino


Amerigo Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Charles Willson Peale


Portraits and portrait painting; being a brief survey of portrait painting from the middle ages to the present day

Portraits and portrait painting; being a brief survey of portrait painting from the middle ages to the present day

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Hurll, Estelle M. (Estelle May), 1863-1924


Portraits and portrait painting; being a brief survey of portrait painting from the middle ages to the present day

Portraits and portrait painting; being a brief survey of portrait painting from the middle ages to the present day

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Hurll, Estelle M. (Estelle May), 1863-1924

Uffizi 15, Amerigo Vespucci

Uffizi 15, Amerigo Vespucci

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.5 — Sailko

"America" (Engraving) Nova reperta (Speculum diuersarum imaginum speculatiuarum 1638)

"America" (Engraving) Nova reperta (Speculum diuersarum imaginum speculatiuarum 1638)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — After Stradanus

Panorama Venezia Castello

Panorama Venezia Castello

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 — This Photo was taken by Wolfgang Moroder. Feel free to use my photos, but please mention me as the author and sen

Nave scuola Amerigo Vespucci a Venezia museo navale

Nave scuola Amerigo Vespucci a Venezia museo navale

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 — This Photo was taken by Wolfgang Moroder. Feel free to use my photos, but please mention me as the author and sen


Catalogue of reproductions of works of art in the Western Gallery of Art, Kansas City, Mo. : paintings, sculpture, photographs

Catalogue of reproductions of works of art in the Western Gallery of Art, Kansas City, Mo. : paintings, sculpture, photographs

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Western Gallery of Art (Kansas City, Mo.) Nelson, William Rockhill, 1841-1915 Kansas City Art Association

See also