Carl Sagan(1934 — 1996)
Carl Sagan
États-Unis
9 min read
American astronomer and astrophysicist (1934–1996), Carl Sagan is celebrated for bringing science to the general public. His television series *Cosmos* (1980) reached hundreds of millions of viewers worldwide.
Frequently asked questions
Famous Quotes
« We are made of star-stuff. »
« Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. »
« The Earth is a very small stage in a vast cosmic arena. »
Key Facts
- 1934: born in Brooklyn, New York
- 1968: professor at Cornell University, specialist in planetary atmospheres
- 1980: broadcast of the series *Cosmos: A Personal Voyage*, watched by 500 million people
- 1985: publication of the novel *Contact*, adapted for the cinema in 1997
- 1994: Pulitzer Prize for *The Demon-Haunted World* (a defense of rational thinking)
Works & Achievements
A popular science book on the evolution of the human brain, which earned Sagan the Pulitzer Prize in 1978. This book illustrates his ability to make complex scientific and philosophical questions accessible to a very wide audience.
A 13-episode documentary series co-written and hosted by Sagan, tracing the history of the universe and of human science. Watched by more than 500 million people in 60 countries, it remains one of the greatest works of science communication of the 20th century.
The companion book to the television series, weaving together astronomy, physics, and the history of science into a poetic and accessible narrative. It sold more than 5 million copies and remained at the top of bestseller lists in the United States for several years.
A science fiction novel in which an astronomer receives a message from an extraterrestrial civilization. Adapted for film in 1997, it explores themes of science, religion, and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence with a scientific rigor rare in the genre.
Inspired by the famous photograph of Earth taken by Voyager 1, this book makes the case for space exploration and argues that humanity must become a multi-planetary species in order to ensure its long-term survival.
Sagan's last major work, published a year before his death, defending scientific thinking and critiquing pseudoscience and superstition. Regarded as his intellectual testament and one of the defining texts in defense of reason in the 20th century.
Anecdotes
Carl Sagan was one of the designers of the Pioneer plaques (1972) and the Voyager Golden Records (1977), sent aboard space probes in the hope of contacting potential extraterrestrial civilizations. These objects contained information about humanity, its position in the universe, as well as sounds, music, and images of Earth.
In 1983, Sagan was one of the authors of the scientific study on “nuclear winter”: the researchers demonstrated that a nuclear conflict would generate dust clouds capable of blocking sunlight for years, threatening all life on Earth. This publication had a considerable impact on international disarmament negotiations.
His television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage (1980) was watched by more than 500 million people in over 60 countries, becoming at the time the most widely broadcast documentary series in the history of American television. Sagan presented astronomy with a contagious passion that inspired entire generations of scientists.
In 1990, Sagan convinced NASA to turn the camera of the Voyager 1 probe — then more than 6 billion kilometers from Earth — to photograph our planet. In this image, Earth appears as nothing more than a tiny bluish dot in the vastness of space — what Sagan called the “Pale Blue Dot,” a symbol of humanity’s fragility and solitude in the cosmos.
Carl Sagan testified before the United States Congress on multiple occasions to advocate for space research funding and to warn lawmakers about the dangers of the nuclear arms race. He was also one of the co-founders of the Planetary Society in 1980, an organization dedicated to space exploration and the search for extraterrestrial life.
Primary Sources
Le cosmos est tout ce qui existe, tout ce qui a existé, et tout ce qui existera jamais. Nos émotions les plus légères, nos amours les plus grands, nos extases religieuses les plus saisissantes, nos pensées les plus profondes — tout cela n'est que vibrations de l'air, atomes interagissant dans un espace sombre à l'intérieur de votre tête.
Regardez ce point. C'est ici. C'est chez nous. C'est nous. Tous ceux que vous aimez, tous ceux que vous connaissez, tous ceux dont vous avez entendu parler, tous les êtres humains qui aient jamais existé ont vécu leur vie sur ce grain de poussière suspendu dans un rayon de soleil.
Les calculs montrent que des échanges nucléaires dans la gamme des mégatonnes plongeraient la Terre dans une obscurité et un froid prolongés, capables de détruire la majeure partie des cultures agricoles de l'hémisphère Nord, avec des conséquences potentiellement catastrophiques pour la population mondiale.
La science n'est pas parfaite. Elle peut être utilisée à mauvais escient. Elle n'est qu'un outil. Mais c'est de loin le meilleur outil que nous ayons, capable de nous dire la vérité sur ce monde, qui s'auto-corrige, jamais terminé.
Nous avons produit des armes de destruction massive en quantités suffisantes pour détruire la civilisation humaine à plusieurs reprises. La prudence la plus élémentaire exige que nous considérions sérieusement les conséquences à long terme de notre arsenal nucléaire.
Key Places
Carl Sagan was born on November 9, 1934, in Brooklyn, into a Jewish immigrant family. It was during a childhood visit to the Hayden Planetarium in Manhattan that he developed his passion for astronomy and the universe.
Sagan joined Cornell in 1968 as a professor of astronomy and director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies. Cornell became the center of his academic career, his research into extraterrestrial life, and his family life until his death.
Sagan worked closely with this NASA facility on the Pioneer, Viking, and Voyager missions. There he designed messages intended for extraterrestrial beings and took part in analyzing the planetary data returned by the probes.
Sagan earned his bachelor's degree, master's degree, and doctorate in astronomy and astrophysics here (1960). Trained by leading scientists, he developed his earliest insights into the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe.
Carl Sagan died on December 20, 1996, in Seattle at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, from pneumonia complications related to myelodysplasia diagnosed in 1994.
