Claude Monet(1840 — 1926)

Claude Monet

France

7 min read

Visual ArtsArtiste19th Century19th–20th centuries (1840–1926)

French painter (1840–1926), founder of the Impressionist movement. Monet revolutionized art by capturing the effects of light and atmosphere, most notably through his series of water lilies and his famous painting "Impression, Sunrise."

Frequently asked questions

Claude Monet (1840-1926) was a French painter and founding figure of the Impressionist movement. The key takeaway is that he revolutionized painting by leaving the studio to capture the changing effects of light and atmosphere on the spot. His painting Impression, Sunrise (1872) gave its name to the movement, and his series such as the Water Lilies or Haystacks show how the same subject can be transformed by momentary conditions.

Famous Quotes

« I discovered painting the day I understood that light was the true subject of the canvas »

Key Facts

  • 1872: Paints "Impression, Sunrise" in Le Havre, giving rise to the term "Impressionism"
  • 1883: Settles in Giverny, where he creates his garden and paints his famous water lilies
  • 1890–1891: Creates his first complete pictorial series with the Haystacks
  • 1892–1894: Paints Rouen Cathedral under different light conditions
  • 1898–1926: Devotes his final years to the Water Lilies, exploring the effects of reflection and light

Works & Achievements

Impression, Sunrise (1872)

A view of the port of Le Havre in the morning mist, this painting inadvertently gave its name to the Impressionist movement at the 1874 exhibition.

The Promenade (Woman with a Parasol) (1875)

An outdoor portrait of Camille Monet and their son Jean on a hillside, a masterpiece of spontaneity and luminosity that embodies the Impressionist aesthetic.

The Gare Saint-Lazare (series) (1877)

A series of twelve canvases depicting the Parisian train station, its trains and swirls of steam. Monet applies Impressionist principles to a resolutely modern and industrial subject.

Haystacks (series) (1890-1891)

A series of around thirty canvases depicting haystacks at different times of day and seasons. This series marks the beginning of Monet's systematic approach to changing light.

Rouen Cathedral (series) (1892-1894)

More than thirty variations of the cathedral facade painted at different times of day, demonstrating that the subject matters less than the light that transforms it.

Water Lilies (Large Decorations) (1914-1926)

A monumental ensemble of panels depicting the water lily pond at Giverny, installed in the Orangerie des Tuileries. These immersive works are considered precursors of abstract art.

The Water Lily Pond, Green Harmony (1899)

One of the first depictions of the Japanese bridge over the Giverny pond, inaugurating a theme that Monet would explore for nearly thirty years.

Anecdotes

In 1872, Monet painted at the port of Le Havre a canvas he titled "Impression, Sunrise". At the 1874 exhibition, critic Louis Leroy used this title to mock the group of painters, calling them "Impressionists". This derisive nickname would become the official name of one of the most famous artistic movements in history.

Monet was so obsessed with light that he would rise before dawn and work on several canvases at the same time. He moved from one to another throughout the day to capture the variations of light on the same subject. For his Haystacks series, he sometimes brought a wheelbarrow loaded with canvases into the fields.

At Giverny, Monet had a pond dug and a branch of the Epte river diverted to create his famous water garden. He employed several full-time gardeners, and one of them had the sole task of cleaning the water lilies every morning so that Monet could paint them under perfect conditions.

Monet suffered from cataracts at the end of his life, which impaired his color perception. His last canvases took on unusual reddish and brownish hues. After an operation in 1923, he was astonished to rediscover colors and destroyed several paintings made during his illness, deeming them unworthy.

Primary Sources

Letter from Claude Monet to Frédéric Bazille (1868)
I am in a state of perpetual anxiety and I would very much like to be in Paris to see what you are doing. Here I am working a great deal, I have about twenty canvases well under way.
Article by Louis Leroy in Le Charivari (25 April 1874)
Impression — I was certain of it. I was just telling myself that, since I was impressed, there must be some impression in it… and what freedom, what ease of workmanship! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape!
Letter from Claude Monet to Gustave Geffroy (1890)
I am chasing nature without being able to grasp it. What I want to render is what lies between the motif and myself.
Letter from Claude Monet to Alice Monet from London (février 1900)
This is not a country for working — everything changes from one moment to the next. Today I could do nothing; the fog was too thick, then all of a sudden the light was so beautiful that I wanted to set to work, and everything had changed again.

Key Places

Giverny (house and gardens)

Monet lived in Giverny from 1883 until his death in 1926. There he created his famous water garden with the Japanese bridge and water lilies, an inexhaustible source of inspiration for his final great works.

Le Havre

Monet grew up in Le Havre, where he painted his first works en plein air. It was in the port of Le Havre that he painted Impression, Sunrise in 1872, the founding work of Impressionism.

Argenteuil

Monet settled in Argenteuil from 1871 to 1878, a period of intense creative work along the Seine. There he painted scenes of boating, regattas, and modern suburban life on the outskirts of Paris.

Rouen Cathedral

Between 1892 and 1894, Monet painted more than thirty canvases of the façade of Rouen Cathedral from windows directly opposite, capturing the variations of light at different times of day and across the seasons.

Musée de l'Orangerie, Paris

This museum has housed since 1927 the eight monumental panels of the Water Lilies donated by Monet to the French state, installed in two oval rooms specially designed according to the artist's wishes.

See also