Francis of Assisi

Francis of Assisi

1182 — 1226

LiteratureSpiritualityMiddle AgesHigh Middle Ages (12th–13th century), the age of the great Crusades and religious renewal

Born in Assisi in 1182, Francis renounced his family's wealth to live in evangelical poverty. He founded the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans) and championed a form of Christianity rooted in closeness to the poor and to nature. Canonized as early as 1228, he is one of the most influential spiritual figures of the Middle Ages.

Famous Quotes

« Lord, make me an instrument of your peace. »
« Start by doing what is necessary, then what is possible, and suddenly you will be doing the impossible. »

Key Facts

  • 1182: born in Assisi into a wealthy merchant family
  • 1205–1206: conversion and renunciation of his fortune following a vision
  • 1209: founding of the Order of Friars Minor, verbally approved by Pope Innocent III
  • 1224: reception of the stigmata on Mount La Verna
  • 1226: death in Assisi; canonized in 1228 by Pope Gregory IX

Works & Achievements

Canticle of the Creatures (c. 1224)

A lyric poem written in the Umbrian vernacular, considered the first major literary text in Italian, celebrating all creatures as brothers and sisters. It reflects a spirituality of nature unique in the Middle Ages.

Rule of the Friars Minor (Regula Bullata) (1223)

The founding text of the Franciscan Order, approved by Pope Honorius III. It establishes the principles of absolute poverty, obedience, and itinerancy for the preaching friars.

Testament (1226)

Dictated shortly before his death, this spiritual autobiography recounts his conversion and reaffirms the ideal of radical poverty. An invaluable document for understanding his authentic thought.

Foundation of the Order of Friars Minor (1208-1209)

By gathering his first companions and obtaining the oral approval of Pope Innocent III, Francis created one of the most influential mendicant orders in the history of the Church.

Institution of the Christmas Nativity Scene (1223)

At Greccio, Francis organized the first living reenactment of the Nativity to make the mystery of the Incarnation tangible to ordinary people. This tradition spread throughout Catholic Christendom.

Praises of the Most High God (Laudes Dei Altissimi) (1224)

A prayer composed after receiving the stigmata, written in the hand of Brother Leo on a parchment preserved in Assisi. A spiritual testament from the final period of his life.

Anecdotes

One day, Francis encountered a leper on the road to Assisi. Overcoming his revulsion, he dismounted from his horse, embraced the man, and gave him money. This episode marked a decisive turning point for him: he saw in it Christ himself in the face of the most wretched.

Around 1224, during a retreat on Mount Alverna, Francis received according to tradition the stigmata — the five wounds of Christ — on his hands, his feet, and his side. This is the first attested case of stigmatization in Christian history.

Francis loved nature so deeply that he preached to the birds near Bevagna, asking them to praise God. This scene, recounted by his brothers and painted by Giotto, illustrates his conviction that every creature shares in divine brotherhood.

While the West was at war during the Fifth Crusade, Francis crossed enemy lines in 1219 to meet Sultan Malik al-Kamil in Egypt. The sultan, impressed by his sincerity, received him courteously — though without converting.

To fund the restoration of the chapel of San Damiano, Francis sold cloth from the family business without permission. His father, Pietro di Bernardone, furious, dragged him before the Bishop of Assisi. Francis then removed his clothing and handed it back to his father, declaring he had no other father but God.

Primary Sources

Canticle of the Creatures (Cantico di frate Sole) (c. 1224)
Praised be You, my Lord, with all Your creatures, especially Sir Brother Sun, who is the day and through whom You give us light. And he is beautiful and radiant with great splendor; and bears a likeness of You, Most High.
Earlier Rule (Regula non bullata) (1221)
This is the rule and life of the Lesser Brothers: to observe the Holy Gospel of Our Lord Jesus Christ by living in obedience, without anything of one's own, and in chastity.
Testament of Francis of Assisi (1226)
The Lord granted me, Brother Francis, to begin to do penance in this way: while I was in sin, it seemed very bitter to me to see lepers. And the Lord himself led me among them, and I had mercy on them.
Letter to Brother Leo (c. 1220)
Brother Leo, your lamb, Brother Francis wishes you health and peace. I say to you, my son, as a mother would: all the words we spoke on the road, I sum up in this one piece of advice.

Key Places

Assisi (Umbria, Italy)

Francis's birthplace and the cradle of the Franciscan movement. The Basilica of Saint Francis, built after his canonization, is a world pilgrimage site and UNESCO World Heritage landmark.

The Portiuncula (Santa Maria degli Angeli)

A small chapel near Assisi where Francis founded his order in 1208 and where he died in 1226. It is now enshrined within a vast basilica built in the 16th century.

Mount Alverna (La Verna, Tuscany)

A secluded mountainous site in Tuscany given to Francis by a local nobleman. It was here that he received the stigmata in 1224 during a spiritual retreat.

Damietta (Egypt)

An Egyptian port besieged during the Fifth Crusade, where Francis traveled in 1219 to meet Sultan al-Kamil, seeking conversion through dialogue rather than combat.

Chapel of San Damiano (Assisi)

A humble, crumbling chapel where Francis heard the voice of Christ calling him to rebuild His Church. He restored it with his own hands, and Clare of Assisi later established her convent there.

Gallery

Frari (Venice) nave left - The Franciscan tree by Pietro Negri 1670

Frari (Venice) nave left - The Franciscan tree by Pietro Negri 1670

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Didier Descouens

Frari (Venice) Cappella di San Giovanni Battista - San Francesco in prigliera di Umberto Martina

Frari (Venice) Cappella di San Giovanni Battista - San Francesco in prigliera di Umberto Martina

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Didier Descouens

Chiesa del Nome di Gesù - Venice - Francis of Assisi by Lattanzio Querena

Chiesa del Nome di Gesù - Venice - Francis of Assisi by Lattanzio Querena

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Didier Descouens

Ca' Rezzonico - Madonna col Bambino e un francescano (Inv.36) - Leandro Da Ponte detto Il Bassano

Ca' Rezzonico - Madonna col Bambino e un francescano (Inv.36) - Leandro Da Ponte detto Il Bassano

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Didier Descouens


Madonna with Child between St.Jerome and ST.Francis of Assisilabel QS:Len,"Madonna with Child between St.Jerome and ST.Francis of Assisi"label QS:Lfr,"Vierge à l'Enfant entre saint Jérôme et saint Fr

Madonna with Child between St.Jerome and ST.Francis of Assisilabel QS:Len,"Madonna with Child between St.Jerome and ST.Francis of Assisi"label QS:Lfr,"Vierge à l'Enfant entre saint Jérôme et saint Fr

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Creator:Domenico da Sacile

Frari (Venice) nave left - Statue of St.Francis

Frari (Venice) nave left - Statue of St.Francis

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Didier Descouens

Interior of San Francesco della Vigna (Venice) - Choir - Wood statue of St. Francis by Girolamo Campagna

Interior of San Francesco della Vigna (Venice) - Choir - Wood statue of St. Francis by Girolamo Campagna

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Didier Descouens

Statue de saint François d'Assise par Germain Pilon (sculpture). Provient de l'abbaye de Montmartre Saint-Pierre de Mon, PH32570

Statue de saint François d'Assise par Germain Pilon (sculpture). Provient de l'abbaye de Montmartre Saint-Pierre de Mon, PH32570

Wikimedia Commons, CC0 — Anonyme, photographe

Assisi - Chiesa di San Pietro - Crocifisso - 2023-09-05 01-25-30 001

Assisi - Chiesa di San Pietro - Crocifisso - 2023-09-05 01-25-30 001

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Terragio67

St. Francis statue at Marjorie McNeely Conservatory

St. Francis statue at Marjorie McNeely Conservatory

Wikimedia Commons, CC0 — Funknendai

See also