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Portrait de Guy de Maupassant

Guy de Maupassant

Guy de Maupassant

1850 — 1893

France

LiteratureÉcrivain(e)19th Century19th century (1850-1893), Second Empire and Third Republic

French writer and journalist (1850-1893), Maupassant is one of the masters of the realist short story of the 19th century. A student of Flaubert, he wrote hundreds of tales and short stories characterized by their spare style and critical view of society.

Émotions disponibles (6)

N

Neutre

par défaut

I

Inspiré

P

Pensif

S

Surpris

T

Triste

F

Fier

Famous Quotes

« Life is a slope. »
« Women are useful pieces of furniture that add comfort to a home. »
« I do not love nature. »
« One does not kill oneself over things one understands. »

Key Facts

  • 1880: Publication of 'Boule de Suif', the short story that made him famous
  • 1884: Publication of 'Bel-Ami', a naturalist novel criticizing Parisian corruption
  • 1884: Publication of 'The Necklace' ('La Parure'), one of his most celebrated short stories
  • 1886: Publication of 'Monsieur Parent' and consolidation of his status as a master of the short story
  • 1892: Mental breakdown and institutionalization; died in 1893 at the age of 43

Works & Achievements

Boule de Suif (1880)

Short story published in Les Soirées de Médan, considered a masterpiece of the genre. It denounces bourgeois hypocrisy during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.

La Maison Tellier (1881)

Short story collection whose title piece recounts the countryside outing of a brothel's staff. The text blends humor and tenderness with consummate storytelling craft.

Une vie (1883)

Maupassant's first novel, tracing the disillusions of a young Norman woman. A naturalist novel influenced by Flaubert, it was a great success.

Contes de la bécasse (1883)

One of Maupassant's most celebrated short story collections, depicting Norman rural life with realism and irony.

Bel-Ami (1885)

Novel following the social rise of an opportunist in the world of Parisian journalism. It is one of the most widely read novels in French literature.

Le Horla (1887)

Fantastical short story written as a personal diary, in which the narrator is haunted by an invisible presence. An emblematic text reflecting Maupassant's own anxieties about madness.

Pierre et Jean (1888)

Psychological novel accompanied by a major theoretical preface on the realist novel. The story explores jealousy between two brothers in a family from Le Havre.

Fort comme la mort (1889)

Novel exploring the themes of aging and a painter's impossible love for the daughter of his former mistress. A more intimate and melancholic work.

Anecdotes

Maupassant was the pupil and protégé of Gustave Flaubert for seven years. Every Sunday, he would visit the master at Croisset, near Rouen, to submit his texts for review. Flaubert corrected them mercilessly and forbade him from publishing until he was ready.

The publication of "Boule de Suif" in 1880, in the collective anthology Les Soirées de Médan, was an immediate triumph. Flaubert himself declared it a masterpiece. This short story definitively launched Maupassant's literary career — he was thirty years old at the time.

An avid boating enthusiast, Maupassant spent his Sundays on the Seine between Chatou and Argenteuil. He rowed with passion and owned several boats. This life by the water directly inspired many of his short stories, such as "Sur l'eau" and "Une partie de campagne".

Maupassant suffered from syphilis contracted in his youth, a disease that was incurable at the time. The final years of his life were marked by increasing nervous disorders, hallucinations, and growing paranoia. In January 1892, he attempted suicide by slashing his throat and was committed to Dr. Blanche's clinic in Passy, where he died on July 6, 1893.

Maupassant was a writer of remarkable productivity: over ten years of intense literary activity (1880–1890), he published six novels, more than three hundred short stories and tales, three travel narratives, and numerous journalistic columns. He earned such a good living from his pen that he owned a yacht he had named "Bel-Ami", after his famous novel.

Primary Sources

Letter from Flaubert to Maupassant (1er février 1880)
Your story Boule de Suif is a masterpiece! I stand by the word: a masterpiece of composition, comedy, and observation.
Preface to Pierre et Jean (The Novel) (1888)
The realist, if he is an artist, will seek not to show us the banal photograph of life, but to give us a vision of it that is more complete, more striking, more convincing than reality itself.
Chronicle "The Novel" in Le Figaro (janvier 1888)
We must content ourselves with looking, understanding, and telling all with the genius of sincerity and art.
Letter from Maupassant to his mother, Laure de Maupassant (1884)
I am working like a galley slave. I write short stories, chronicles, and I am advancing my novel. Literary life in Paris is a daily battle.

Key Places

Étretat, Normandy

Maupassant spent part of his childhood and many stays in this Norman seaside resort. The cliffs and the sea left a deep mark on his literary imagination.

Croisset (Canteleu), near Rouen

Gustave Flaubert's residence, which Maupassant visited every Sunday for his literary apprenticeship. It was in this place that he honed his art of the short story.

Paris, Madeleine district

Maupassant lived in several Parisian apartments, notably on rue Montchanin (now rue Jacques-Bingen). Paris serves as the setting for many of his novels and short stories about the bourgeoisie.

Chatou and Argenteuil, banks of the Seine

Maupassant's favourite boating spots, these riverside taverns and banks of the Seine inspired his short stories about popular life and Sunday pleasures.

Dr. Blanche's clinic, Passy

Maupassant was committed here in January 1892 following his suicide attempt. He spent the last eighteen months of his life there and died on July 6, 1893.

Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris

Maupassant's burial place. His grave is regularly adorned with flowers and visited by admirers of his work.

Typical Objects

Sergeant-major pen and inkwell

Maupassant's everyday writing instrument. He wrote every morning at his desk, producing his short stories and columns with a methodical regularity inherited from Flaubert.

Rowboat and oars

Maupassant was an avid rower on the Seine. His boats were the setting for his Sunday leisure and inspired many of his short stories.

Pince-nez

Maupassant suffered from eye problems related to his illness. He frequently wore a pince-nez, a typical accessory among men of letters of his era.

Columnist's notebook

As a journalist at Gil Blas and Le Gaulois, Maupassant jotted down observations and story ideas in his notebooks, the raw material of his work.

Yacht Bel-Ami

A symbol of his literary success, this yacht named after his novel allowed him to sail the Mediterranean. He would sometimes write on board during his cruises.

Fencing foil

Maupassant practiced fencing regularly to keep fit. It was a sport favored by Parisian gentlemen of the late 19th century.

School Curriculum

Cycle 4 (5e-3e)Français
LycéeFrançais
LycéeFrançais — La nouvelle réaliste au XIXe siècle
LycéeFrançais — Critique sociale et moeurs de la Troisième République
LycéeFrançais — Le courant naturaliste et réaliste
LycéeFrançais — Analyse des contes : structure, style et point de vue
LycéeFrançais — La condition féminine dans la littérature du XIXe siècle
LycéeFrançais — L'ironie et le pessimisme chez Maupassant

Vocabulary & Tags

Key Vocabulary

realismnaturalismshort storyironyspare stylesocial critiquepessimismnarrative twist ending

Tags

Guy de Maupassantnouvelleironiestyle épurécritique socialepessimismechute narrativeXIXe siècle (1850-1893), Second Empire et Troisième République

Daily Life

Morning

Maupassant rose early and devoted his mornings to writing, generally from six o'clock until noon. He worked with method and discipline, a legacy of Flaubert's teaching. He could produce several pages of a short story or a novel in a single morning.

Afternoon

The afternoon was dedicated to his activities as a journalist — visits to the editorial offices of Gil Blas or Le Gaulois, submitting columns — or to physical exercise. He practiced rowing on the Seine, fencing at the salle d'armes, or walking through Paris to observe urban life.

Evening

In the evenings, Maupassant frequented Parisian literary salons, society dinners, and suppers at the homes of writer friends such as Zola or Daudet. He also enjoyed the theatre and live performances. In his later years, evenings were often overshadowed by his migraines and nervous disorders.

Food

Maupassant appreciated fine Norman cuisine: cream, butter, seafood, and cider. In Paris, he frequented restaurants along the grands boulevards and enjoyed refined dinners. He also consumed ether, a substance then used as a stimulant, which worsened his health problems.

Clothing

Maupassant dressed as a Parisian gentleman of the Belle Époque: dark frock coat, waistcoat, top hat or bowler hat, carefully knotted cravat. For rowing, he wore a striped jersey and a boater hat. His neat appearance reflected his social success.

Housing

Maupassant lived in several well-appointed Parisian apartments, notably on rue Montchanin in the Plaine Monceau neighbourhood. His interior was furnished with taste, decorated with trinkets and works of art. He also owned a villa in Étretat, 'La Guillette', where he stayed regularly.

Historical Timeline

1848Révolution de février et proclamation de la Deuxième République en France.
1850Naissance de Guy de Maupassant le 5 août au château de Miromesnil, en Normandie.
1852Coup d'État de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte et début du Second Empire.
1857Publication de Madame Bovary de Flaubert et des Fleurs du mal de Baudelaire, deux procès littéraires retentissants.
1870Guerre franco-prussienne : Maupassant, mobilisé, découvre les horreurs de la défaite. Cette expérience marquera profondément son œuvre.
1871La Commune de Paris et l'avènement de la Troisième République.
1873Maupassant devient fonctionnaire au ministère de la Marine à Paris et commence son apprentissage littéraire auprès de Flaubert.
1880Publication des Soirées de Médan et de « Boule de Suif ». Mort de Gustave Flaubert le 8 mai.
1881Lois sur la liberté de la presse en France. Maupassant publie La Maison Tellier.
1883Publication d'Une vie, son premier roman, et des Contes de la bécasse.
1885Publication de Bel-Ami, roman sur l'arrivisme dans le monde du journalisme parisien.
1887Publication du roman Le Horla, qui traduit l'angoisse croissante de Maupassant face Ă  la folie.
1889Exposition universelle de Paris et inauguration de la tour Eiffel. Maupassant publie Fort comme la mort.
1892Tentative de suicide et internement de Maupassant Ă  la clinique du docteur Blanche Ă  Passy.
1893Mort de Maupassant le 6 juillet à Paris, à l'âge de quarante-deux ans.

Period Vocabulary

Naturalism — Literary movement extending realism, seeking to depict social reality with near-scientific rigor. Maupassant is associated with it, though he sometimes distanced himself from it.
Chronicle — Regular press article in which the author comments on current events or society. Maupassant wrote hundreds of them for Parisian newspapers, an important source of income.
Guinguette — Popular open-air café, often located by the water in the Paris suburbs. A place for dancing and Sunday leisure frequented by Maupassant and his boating companions.
Boater — Flat-brimmed straw hat worn for boating and outdoor leisure. Also refers to someone who practices rowing, Maupassant's favorite pastime.
Feuilleton — Novel or story published in serial episodes in a newspaper. This mode of publication allowed 19th-century writers to reach a wide audience and earn a regular income.
Lorette — A kept woman or demi-mondaine of 19th-century Paris, a recurring character in Maupassant's short stories depicting Parisian manners and morals.
Absinthe — Plant-based alcoholic drink nicknamed 'the green fairy', very popular among artists and writers of the late 19th century. It was banned in 1915.
Rentier — A person living off their private income, i.e. the returns on their capital. A frequent social figure in Maupassant's work, representing the idle bourgeoisie.
Omnibus — Horse-drawn vehicle providing public transport in Paris. A everyday mode of transport that Maupassant frequently depicts in his Parisian short stories.
Partie de campagne — A day trip to the countryside or waterside, a typical leisure activity for Parisians on Sundays. The expression was made famous by Maupassant's eponymous short story.

Gallery

Gustave de Maupassant

Gustave de Maupassant

Beaux-Arts de Carcassonne - Boule de Suif 1884 - Paul-Émile Boutigny

Beaux-Arts de Carcassonne - Boule de Suif 1884 - Paul-Émile Boutigny

Beaux-Arts de Carcassonne - CaĂŻn portant le corps d'Abel 1876 - Alexandre Falguieres

Beaux-Arts de Carcassonne - CaĂŻn portant le corps d'Abel 1876 - Alexandre Falguieres

Histoire du Siècle (fragment, Bruxelles)

Histoire du Siècle (fragment, Bruxelles)

Portrait de Gustave de Maupassant

Portrait de Gustave de Maupassant


La peinture et la sculpture aux salons de 1895

La peinture et la sculpture aux salons de 1895


La sculpture aux salons de 1897

La sculpture aux salons de 1897

Château de Miromesnil, Tourville-sur-Arques-1000659

Château de Miromesnil, Tourville-sur-Arques-1000659


The history of French literature from the Oath of Strasburg to Chanticler

The history of French literature from the Oath of Strasburg to Chanticler


A selection from the world's greatest short stories, illustrative of the history of short story writing

A selection from the world's greatest short stories, illustrative of the history of short story writing

Visual Style

Style visuel naturaliste et impressionniste évoquant la France des années 1880, entre boulevards parisiens, bords de Seine lumineux et paysages normands aux ciels changeants.

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AI Prompt
Impressionist and naturalist aesthetic of 1880s France. Soft, diffused light filtering through riverside willows along the Seine. Palette inspired by Renoir's boating scenes and Monet's Norman landscapes. Atmospheric haze over Parisian boulevards lined with gas lamps and horse carriages. Weathered Norman farmhouses with thatched roofs, dramatic chalk cliffs of Étretat against grey skies. Interiors of bourgeois Parisian apartments with dark wood furniture, velvet curtains, and oil lamps casting warm golden light. Newspaper offices cluttered with manuscripts. Realistic, detailed compositions with attention to social contrasts between elegant salons and humble rural settings.

Sound Ambience

Atmosphère sonore mêlant les bruits de la Seine et du canotage, l'animation des boulevards parisiens et le calme des campagnes normandes chers à Maupassant.

AI Prompt
Ambient sounds of late 19th-century Normandy and Paris. Gentle lapping of the Seine against wooden rowboats, rhythmic splash of oars. Distant accordion music from a riverside guinguette. Horse-drawn carriages clattering on Parisian cobblestones. The scratch of a steel nib pen on paper in a quiet study. Seagulls crying over the chalk cliffs of Étretat, Atlantic waves crashing below. Murmur of conversation in a Parisian literary salon, clinking of absinthe glasses. Church bells ringing across Norman fields. The rustle of newspaper pages at a café terrace on the grands boulevards.

Portrait Source

Wikimedia Commons — domaine public — Nadar — 1888