Portrait de Hildegard von Bingen

Hildegard von Bingen

Hildegard von Bingen

1098 — 1179

Saint-Empire romain germanique

MusicSpiritualityCompositeur/triceMystiqueReligieux/seMiddle AgesFirst known composer, visionary, Doctor of the Church

First known composer, visionary, Doctor of the Church

Émotions disponibles (6)

N

Neutre

par défaut

I

Inspirée

P

Pensive

S

Surprise

T

Triste

F

Fière

Key Facts

    Works & Achievements

    Scivias (Know the Ways of the Lord) (1141-1151)

    Major visionary work in three books describing 26 visions on creation, redemption and the last things, accompanied by 35 miniatures in the original manuscript. Approved by Pope Eugene III, it established Hildegard's spiritual authority.

    Symphonia armonie celestium revelationum (c. 1140-1170)

    Collection of 77 liturgical pieces (antiphons, hymns, responsories, sequences) composed by Hildegard, making her the first identified female composer in the history of Western music. Her music is distinguished by melodies of exceptional vocal range.

    Ordo Virtutum (The Play of the Virtues) (c. 1151)

    Musical liturgical drama in 82 melodies, considered one of the earliest forms of opera in history. It stages the struggle between the Virtues and the Devil for possession of the human Soul.

    Physica (Liber subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum) (c. 1150-1160)

    Encyclopedia of natural sciences in nine books covering plants, stones, fish, birds and their medicinal properties. One of the first treatises on natural medicine in the medieval West.

    Causae et Curae (c. 1150-1160)

    Medical treatise describing the causes and remedies of diseases, integrating physiology, pharmacopoeia and a Christian vision of the human body. It demonstrates a remarkable knowledge of humoral medicine inherited from Hippocrates and Galen.

    Liber divinorum operum (Book of Divine Works) (1163-1173)

    Hildegard's third major visionary work in three parts, exploring the relationships between the cosmos, the human body and the history of salvation through ten visions. Considered her most accomplished theological work.

    Correspondence (more than 300 letters) (c. 1146-1179)

    Hildegard maintained a correspondence with the most important figures of her time: popes (Eugene III, Anastasius IV), emperors (Frederick Barbarossa), abbots (Bernard of Clairvaux) and kings. These letters reveal her considerable political and spiritual influence.

    Anecdotes

    From the age of eight, Hildegard was entrusted to Abbess Jutta of Sponheim in an anchorite cell adjoining the abbey of Disibodenberg. There she learned reading, liturgical chant, and the psalter, laying the foundations of an exceptional monastic education for a woman of her time.

    Hildegard claimed to have received luminous visions since childhood, which she called the 'living light'. It was not until the age of 42, after receiving a divine injunction, that she obtained permission from her confessor and Pope Eugene III to commit her visions to writing, giving birth to the Scivias.

    In 1150, Hildegard made the bold decision to leave Disibodenberg with her nuns to found her own monastery on the Rupertsberg, near Bingen. Such independence was exceedingly rare for a woman in the 12th century, and initially earned her the opposition of the abbot of Disibodenberg, before he yielded to her determination.

    Hildegard undertook four public preaching tours between 1158 and 1170, preaching before clergy and laity in cathedrals and monastic chapters. This was an extraordinary act for a woman, normally excluded from public preaching in the medieval Church.

    Near the end of her life, her monastery was placed under interdict by the Archbishop of Mainz because she had permitted the burial of an excommunicated man. Hildegard stubbornly refused to have the body exhumed, arguing that the man had reconciled with the Church before dying. The interdict was lifted a few months before her death in 1179.

    Primary Sources

    Scivias (Know the Ways) (1141-1151)
    And behold, in my forty-third year, as I was looking with great fear and trembling attention at a heavenly vision, I saw a great splendor in which a voice from heaven said to me: 'O fragile human being, ash of ashes, decay of decay, say and write what you see and hear.'
    Letter from Hildegard to Bernard of Clairvaux (vers 1146-1147)
    Father, I am greatly troubled by a vision that appeared to me through the Spirit of God, a vision I have never seen with the eyes of the flesh. I am miserable and more than miserable in my existence as a woman.
    Liber vitae meritorum (Book of the Merits of Life) (1158-1163)
    These visions I do not perceive in sleep, nor in a dream, nor in a state of madness, nor with bodily eyes or outward ears, nor in hidden places: but I receive them while awake, conscious, looking with a pure gaze, according to the will of God.
    Physica (Liber subtilitatum) (vers 1150-1160)
    Venison is wholesome for healthy people, for the deer is warm and lives in pure places. It is also suitable for the sick, as it is digestible and does not produce bad humors.
    Symphonia armonie celestium revelationum (vers 1140-1170)
    O viridissima virga, ave, que in ventoso flabro sciscitationis sanctorum prodisti. (O greenest branch, hail, you who came forth in the swirling breath of the quest of the saints.)

    Key Places

    Bermersheim vor der Höhe (Germany)

    Hildegard's birthplace in Rhineland-Palatinate, where she was born in 1098 as the tenth child of a noble family. She spent her early childhood there before being entrusted to monastic life.

    Disibodenberg Abbey (Germany)

    A hermitage and later Benedictine abbey where Hildegard lived from the age of 8 until 1150. It was there that she developed her thought, received her first visions, and began writing the Scivias under the guidance of the monk Volmar.

    Rupertsberg Monastery, Bingen (Germany)

    Monastery founded by Hildegard in 1150 on a hill overlooking the confluence of the Rhine and Nahe rivers. It was the site of her creative maturity: she composed most of her music, scientific treatises, and correspondence there.

    Eibingen Monastery (Germany)

    Second monastery founded by Hildegard in 1165, on the right bank of the Rhine opposite Bingen. It houses her relics today and serves as an active place of pilgrimage, perpetuating Hildegardian spirituality.

    Trier Cathedral (Germany)

    Site of the 1147–1148 synod where Pope Eugene III, advised by Bernard of Clairvaux, officially approved Hildegard's writings. This papal validation was decisive for the authority and influence of her work.

    Typical Objects

    Scriptorium and calamus

    Hildegard dictated her visions to her secretaries (notably the monk Volmar), who transcribed them onto parchment. The calamus, a trimmed quill used for writing, was the central tool of her considerable literary and theological output.

    Illuminated psalter

    A collection of psalms sung during the daily liturgical offices, the psalter was the foundational object of Hildegard's monastic formation from childhood. She mastered its chant and drew inspiration from it to compose her own musical pieces.

    Medicinal plants and mortar

    Hildegard was renowned for her knowledge of natural medicine. Her treatise Physica catalogues more than 230 plants with their therapeutic properties, and she used herbs, roots, and minerals in the care she provided to the sick within her community.

    Cithara or hurdy-gurdy

    The miniatures of the Scivias depict angels playing stringed instruments resembling the medieval cithara. Hildegard composed her music for female voices, sometimes with instrumental accompaniment during liturgical feasts.

    White Benedictine habit and veil

    Hildegard permitted her nuns to wear white robes and golden crowns during major feasts — a practice symbolizing consecrated virginity that drew criticism as overly lavish. This habit differed from the ordinary black habit of Benedictine nuns.

    Box of pigments and illuminations

    The miniatures of the original Scivias manuscript (copied at Rupertsberg around 1165) are of exceptional quality and originality. Hildegard is believed to have participated in their design, visually translating her visions into images of great symbolic intensity.

    School Curriculum

    Vocabulary & Tags

    Key Vocabulary

    Tags

    spiritualitemystique

    Daily Life

    Morning

    Hildegard's day began before dawn with the Office of Vigils (or Matins), sung in the darkness of the abbey church. After Lauds at sunrise, she devoted the early hours to personal prayer and lectio divina — meditative reading of the Scriptures and the Church Fathers.

    Afternoon

    The afternoon was dedicated to manual and intellectual work according to the Benedictine rule. Hildegard oversaw the scriptorium, dictated her visions to Volmar her secretary, consulted with the sick who came to the monastery seeking care, and managed the administrative affairs of her community.

    Evening

    Vespers and Compline marked the end of the day. In the evening, Hildegard composed melodies or worked on her letters by candlelight. The Grand Silence was observed after Compline; she retired to her cell to pray and sometimes receive her nocturnal visions.

    Food

    Monastic diet followed the prescriptions of the Rule of Saint Benedict and the liturgical calendar: frequent fasts (Lent, Advent, vigils), abstinence from meat on Fridays. In her Physica, Hildegard recommended a sober diet: spelt (which she considered the healthiest grain), garden vegetables, fish, fruit, and medicinal herbs.

    Clothing

    Hildegard wore the traditional Benedictine habit: black wool robe, scapular, wimple, and black veil for ordinary times. During major liturgical feasts, she allowed her nuns — and permitted herself — to wear white robes symbolizing consecrated virginity, with a golden crown and decorated veil, a practice that drew criticism from certain theologians.

    Housing

    The Rupertsberg monastery, which Hildegard had built from 1150 on a hill overlooking Bingen, included a church, a cloister, a scriptorium, an infirmary, an herb garden, and the nuns' cells. As abbess, Hildegard had private quarters with a small reception room for her many visitors and correspondents.

    Historical Timeline

    1098Naissance d'Hildegard à Bermersheim vor der Höhe, dans le Saint-Empire romain germanique
    1106Hildegard est confiée comme oblate à Jutta de Sponheim à l'ermitage de Disibodenberg
    1122Mort de Jutta de Sponheim ; Hildegard lui succède comme prieure de la communauté féminine
    1141Hildegard reçoit l'injonction divine de coucher ses visions par écrit : début de la rédaction du Scivias
    1147Le pape Eugène III, lors du synode de Trèves, approuve les écrits visionnaires d'Hildegard, lui conférant une autorité officielle
    1150Fondation du monastère du Rupertsberg, près de Bingen, par Hildegard et ses moniales
    1158Première tournée de prédication publique d'Hildegard ; elle prêche à Mayence devant le clergé
    1163Début de la rédaction du Liber divinorum operum, son œuvre visionnaire la plus ambitieuse
    1165Fondation d'un second monastère à Eibingen, sur la rive droite du Rhin, affilié au Rupertsberg
    1170Quatrième et dernière tournée de prédication ; Hildegard prêche à Cologne contre les hérétiques cathares
    1178L'interdit papal est jeté sur le monastère du Rupertsberg suite à l'enterrement d'un excommunié
    1179Mort d'Hildegard von Bingen le 17 septembre ; l'interdit avait été levé quelques mois plus tôt
    2012Le pape Benoît XVI la canonise officiellement et la proclame Docteur de l'Église, quatrième femme à recevoir ce titre

    Period Vocabulary

    ViriditasLatin term coined by Hildegard literally meaning 'greenness' or 'verdancy'. She used this word to denote the divine life force present throughout all creation — a principle of growth, fertility, and spiritual and physical health.
    OblateA child offered by their parents to a monastery to be raised there and lead the monastic life. Hildegard was given as an oblate at the age of eight, a common practice among medieval noble families for surplus children.
    Lectio divinaMonastic practice of slow, meditative reading of sacred texts (the Bible, the Church Fathers). Its aim is not the acquisition of knowledge but an encounter with God through the text — a cornerstone of Benedictine spirituality.
    AntiphonA short musical piece sung before and after a psalm or canticle in the Liturgy of the Hours. Hildegard composed numerous antiphons of remarkable melodic originality, with far more expansive vocal lines than the standard Gregorian tradition.
    SciviasAbbreviated Latin title of 'Scito vias Domini' (Know the Ways of the Lord). The name Hildegard gave to her first major visionary work, indicating that knowledge of God comes through contemplation of His works in creation and the history of salvation.
    Canonical HoursThe set of seven liturgical offices (Vigils, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers, Compline) that structure the monastic day according to the Rule of Saint Benedict. Hildegard and her nuns sang these offices daily in Latin.
    InterdictA collective ecclesiastical sanction forbidding the celebration of sacraments and liturgical offices in a place or for a community. Less severe than excommunication, the interdict was a formidable disciplinary weapon — one the Archbishop of Mainz levelled against Rupertsberg in 1178.
    Rota (cosmological)A circular diagram representing the order of the universe, used in medieval manuscripts to visualize complex theological or cosmological concepts. Hildegard made extensive use of this type of schema to illustrate her visions in the Scivias and the Liber divinorum operum.
    HumorsMedical theory inherited from Hippocrates and Galen holding that the human body is governed by four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile) whose balance determines health. Hildegard incorporated this theory into her Causae et Curae, inflecting it with a moral and spiritual dimension.
    Rhenish ProphetessA nickname given to Hildegard by her contemporaries in recognition of the authority of her visions and her public pronouncements on Church affairs. She was one of the very few medieval women to enjoy such prophetic authority — officially acknowledged by the papacy.

    Gallery

    
Liber Divinorum Operum

    Liber Divinorum Operum

    Hildegard von Bingen II

    Hildegard von Bingen II

    Hildegard von Bingen III

    Hildegard von Bingen III

    Lein II

    Lein II

    Bingen Six Days of Creation

    Bingen Six Days of Creation

    O frondens 2

    O frondens 2

    Hildegardis-Antoniuskerk aerdenhout

    Hildegardis-Antoniuskerk aerdenhout

    Karlheinz Oswald Hildegard von Bingen, Eibingen

    Karlheinz Oswald Hildegard von Bingen, Eibingen

    Hildegard-Skulptur

    Hildegard-Skulptur

    Hildegard of Bingen by Oswald, Eibingen Abbey

    Hildegard of Bingen by Oswald, Eibingen Abbey

    Visual Style

    Style d'enluminure romane rhénane du XIIe siècle : fonds d'or et de bleu outremer, diagrammes cosmiques circulaires, figures hiératiques en habits bénédictins, rayons de lumière divine dorée traduisant les visions mystiques d'Hildegard.

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    AI Prompt
    Romanesque illuminated manuscript style of the 12th century Rhineland. Rich jewel-toned backgrounds of ultramarine blue, vermillion and burnished gold leaf. Hildegard depicted as a Benedictine abbess in black and white habit, receiving rays of golden divine light — the 'living light' of her visions. Cosmic circular diagrams (rota) showing the universe as a mandala with Christ at the center. Stylized flames, wheels of fire, mountains of crystal, angels with feathered wings in geometric symmetry. Female monastic figures in white ceremonial robes with golden crowns. Intricate interlaced borders with botanical motifs: vines, herbs, stylized flowers. Flat perspective, hieratic poses, symbolic colors — green for viriditas (life-force), gold for the divine, deep blue for eternity.

    Sound Ambience

    Ambiance sonore d'une abbaye bénédictine rhénane du XIIe siècle : chant grégorien féminin aux lignes mélismatiques amples, cloches scandant les heures canoniales, calame sur parchemin, bruit du vent sur la vallée du Rhin.

    AI Prompt
    Gregorian chant echoing in a Romanesque stone abbey, female voices singing long melismatic lines that soar and descend in the vaulted nave. The scratch of a quill on parchment. Wind sweeping through the Rhine valley outside the monastery walls. Church bells ringing for the canonical hours — prime, terce, sext, none, vespers, compline. The rustle of heavy wool habits, soft sandals on flagstone floors. A wooden door creaking open to the herb garden: bees humming, the scent of lavender and rosemary. The distant sound of the Rhine river flowing below the Rupertsberg hill. Candles flickering, wax dripping, during night vigils in a cold scriptorium lit only by oil lamps.

    Portrait Source

    wikimedia