Hokusai(1760 — 1849)

Hokusai

Japon

8 min read

Visual ArtsArtiste19th CenturyThe Great Wave, master of Japanese ukiyo-e printmaking

Japanese painter, draftsman and printmaker (1760-1849)

Frequently asked questions

Hokusai (1760-1849) was a Japanese painter, draughtsman, and printmaker of the Edo period, famous for his ukiyo-e prints ("pictures of the floating world"). What makes him unique is that he brought landscape to the forefront of a genre previously centered on actors and courtesans. His series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (1830-1832), and especially The Great Wave off Kanagawa, revolutionized printmaking through the bold use of Prussian blue and a dynamic composition that symbolizes the power of nature. More than a simple illustrator, Hokusai was an obsessive seeker of form who influenced generations of artists, from Van Gogh to Monet, long after his death.

Key Facts

  • Katsushika Hokusai naît à Edo (Tokyo) en 1760 et se forme très jeune à la gravure sur bois dans l'atelier d'un maître de l'ukiyo-e
  • Il change plus de trente fois de nom au cours de sa vie, témoignant de ses évolutions artistiques et spirituelles constantes
  • Entre 1830 et 1832, il publie sa série des Trente-six vues du mont Fuji, dont La Grande Vague de Kanagawa, qui deviendra l'une des images les plus reproduites au monde
  • Il couvre plus de 360 volumes illustrés dans ses Manga (1814-1878), encyclopédie visuelle du Japon qui influencera profondément les artistes européens du XIXe siècle
  • Il continue de peindre jusqu'à sa mort en 1849 à l'âge de 88 ans, déclarant vouloir vivre cent ans pour atteindre la perfection artistique

Works & Achievements

The Great Wave off Kanagawa (神奈川沖浪裏) (vers 1831)

The world's most famous woodblock print, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. It depicts a gigantic wave threatening fishing boats with Fuji in the background, symbolizing the power of nature against human fragility.

Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (富嶽三十六景) (1830-1832)

A series of 46 prints (initially 36, with 10 added due to success) exploring Fuji from various locations and situations. It marks the pinnacle of landscape in Japanese printmaking and introduced Prussian blue on a massive scale.

Hokusai Manga (北斎漫画) (1814-1878)

Fifteen volumes of encyclopedic sketches covering the human body, animals, plants, and natural phenomena. This drawing manual would influence European artists, particularly the Impressionists.

One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji (富嶽百景) (1834-1835)

A trilogy of illustrated books in black, grey, and white, considered by Hokusai himself to be the pinnacle of his art. The diversity of viewpoints and mastery of line are exceptional throughout.

The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife (蛸と海女) (1814)

A provocative and dreamlike print from the collection Kinoe no Komatsu, depicting a female diver surrounded by octopuses. It is considered one of the first erotic representations of this kind in Japanese art.

Amida Waterfall (阿弥陀ヶ滝) (vers 1833)

From the series A Tour of Waterfalls in the Provinces, this print shows tiny pilgrims before a monumental waterfall. It illustrates Hokusai's mastery in depicting the movement of water.

Phoenix (鳳凰図) (1844)

A monumental painting executed on the ceiling of a festival float in Obuse, one of Hokusai's last major works at age 84. It bears witness to a creative energy that remained intact into extreme old age.

Anecdotes

Hokusai changed his name more than thirty times throughout his life, a common practice among Japanese artists to mark a new creative stage. His final pseudonym, 'Gakyo Rojin Manji' (the old man mad about painting), which he adopted at 75, perfectly captures his obsessive and passionate temperament.

At 88, just weeks before his death, Hokusai is said to have declared: 'If heaven would grant me ten more years — no, five years — I could become a true painter.' He worked until the very end of his life, refusing to stop despite his advanced age and frailty.

Hokusai moved more than 90 times throughout his life in Edo (Tokyo), often out of superstition or to escape creditors. It is said he never cleaned his studios and simply preferred to move whenever they became too cluttered with papers and brushes.

In 1804, during a public demonstration commissioned by the shogun, Hokusai painted an enormous portrait of a Buddhist monk on a sheet of paper laid flat on the ground, using a broom dipped in ink. He then added a few fine-brush details to astonish the crowd.

Primary Sources

Hokusai Manga (北斎漫画) (1814-1878)
A collection of nearly 4,000 drawings published between 1814 and 1878, featuring studies of human bodies, animals, landscapes, and scenes of daily Japanese life, originally conceived as a teaching manual for his students.
Fugaku Hyakkei (One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji) (1834-1835)
A three-volume work in which Hokusai depicts Fuji in all its forms, seasons, and perspectives, illustrating his quest for absolute mastery of line and composition.
Letter to his publisher Nishimuraya Yohachi (c. 1834)
Hokusai describes his artistic approach: 'From the age of six, I had a mania for drawing the form of objects. By fifty, I had published an infinity of drawings, but everything I produced before the age of seventy is not worth counting.'
Preface to the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (富嶽三十六景) (1830-1832)
Hokusai presents his series as an exploration of Fuji's permanence in contrast to the fleeting nature of human activity, weaving together grand landscapes and scenes of everyday work.

Key Places

Edo (Tokyo), Honjo district

Hokusai's birthplace and home, a working-class neighborhood populated by craftsmen, merchants, and actors. It was in this bustling city that he developed his work over more than seven decades.

Mount Fuji (Fujisan), Shizuoka Prefecture

Hokusai's obsessive subject, a sacred symbol of Japan that he depicted in hundreds of different forms across his most famous series. He may never have climbed it, but contemplated it from afar throughout his life.

Sagami Bay (Kanagawa), view of the Great Wave

The presumed setting of the scene depicted in The Great Wave off Kanagawa, with Mount Fuji visible in the background. The boats are fast fishing vessels (oshiokuri-bune) transporting fish to Edo.

Obuse, Nagano Prefecture

The town where Hokusai stayed on several occasions between 1842 and 1844, hosted by his patron Takai Kozan. There he painted festival float ceilings and monumental canvases now preserved in the Hokusai Museum in Obuse.

Hokusai Museum (Sumida Hokusai Museum), Tokyo

Museum opened in 2016 in the Sumida ward, not far from the places where Hokusai lived in Edo. It holds more than 1,500 original works and traces the full span of his career.

Liens externes & ressources

Œuvres

La Grande Vague de Kanagawa (神奈川沖浪裏)

vers 1831

Trente-six vues du mont Fuji (富嶽三十六景)

1830-1832

Hokusai Manga (北斎漫画)

1814-1878

Cent vues du mont Fuji (富嶽百景)

1834-1835

Le Rêve de la femme du pêcheur (蛸と海女)

1814

Cascade d'Amida (阿弥陀ヶ滝)

vers 1833

See also