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Portrait de Miriam Makeba

Miriam Makeba

Miriam Makeba

1932 — 2008

Algérie, Afrique du Sud

MusicSocietyChanteur/seActiviste20th CenturyMama Africa, voice of the anti-apartheid struggle

South African jazz singer and political activist

Émotions disponibles (6)

N

Neutre

par défaut

I

Inspirée

P

Pensive

S

Surprise

T

Triste

F

Fière

Key Facts

    Works & Achievements

    Miriam Makeba (first album) (1960)

    First album recorded in the United States, produced by Harry Belafonte. It introduced traditional African music to the Western world and established Makeba as a recognized international artist.

    Pata Pata (1967)

    A popular song from the townships of Johannesburg that became a worldwide hit. Its unexpected success restored Makeba's international visibility and popularized African music around the globe.

    An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba (1965)

    A live album recorded with Harry Belafonte, awarded a Grammy Award. It cemented Miriam Makeba's place as one of the great voices of the civil rights movement on a global scale.

    Speech at the UN against apartheid (1964)

    A landmark testimony delivered before the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, which led to the revocation of Makeba's South African passport and established her as a major political figure.

    The World of Miriam Makeba (1963)

    An album that blends traditional African music, jazz, and protest songs, forming a foundational musical and activist work in her repertoire.

    Sangoma (1988)

    An album recorded in exile, entirely dedicated to traditional Xhosa songs and healers' music. A rare and precious testament to African oral tradition, it is considered her most personal work.

    Graceland Tour (with Paul Simon) (1987)

    A world tour accompanying Paul Simon's album 'Graceland', which brought Miriam Makeba back into the international spotlight and introduced African music to a whole new generation of listeners.

    Anecdotes

    In 1960, Miriam Makeba testified before the United Nations Special Committee against apartheid, becoming the first Black artist to speak on that international stage. The South African government immediately revoked her passport, condemning her to an exile that would last 31 years.

    Her song 'Pata Pata', recorded in 1967 in the United States, became an unexpected worldwide hit. Miriam Makeba did not understand at first why Americans loved it so much: to her, it was simply a dance song from her native township of Johannesburg.

    In 1968, following her marriage to Black Panthers activist Stokely Carmichael, Miriam Makeba lost all her contracts in the United States. Record labels dropped her and concert venues cancelled her shows under political pressure. She then settled in Guinea with her husband.

    In 1990, Nelson Mandela, freed after 27 years in prison, personally called Miriam Makeba to ask her to return to South Africa. Her homecoming was triumphant: thousands of people welcomed her at Johannesburg airport, moved to tears.

    On November 9, 2008, at the age of 76, Miriam Makeba collapsed on stage in Castel Volturno, Italy, minutes after singing 'Pata Pata'. She died of a heart attack during a concert held in solidarity with writer Roberto Saviano, who was under threat from the Camorra. She was singing until her very last breath.

    Primary Sources

    Miriam Makeba's Speech before the Special Committee Against Apartheid, United Nations (1964)
    I am a victim of apartheid, and I speak on behalf of all those who suffer under this regime. My people are deprived of fundamental rights, dignity, and freedom. I ask you to support our struggle for justice.
    Makeba: My Story (autobiography) (1987)
    When I was told that my passport had been revoked and that I would not be able to return home, I understood that the government was trying to silence me. But my voice does not belong to apartheid.
    Interview given to Le Monde newspaper upon her return to South Africa (1990)
    For thirty-one years, I sang for my country from the outside. Today I return, and my music returns with me. South Africa is no longer the one I left behind.
    Speech at the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award ceremony (2002)
    Music is the weapon of the poor. When you have nothing left, you sing. And sometimes, that song changes the world.

    Key Places

    Sophiatown Township, Johannesburg

    A vibrant and cosmopolitan neighborhood of Johannesburg where Miriam Makeba grew up and first honed her musical skills in jazz clubs. Destroyed by the apartheid regime in 1955, Sophiatown remains a symbol of Black cultural resistance.

    United Nations, New York

    It was before the UN General Assembly that Miriam Makeba delivered her speeches against apartheid in 1964, becoming the first Black artist to bring this cause to the world diplomatic stage.

    Conakry, Guinea

    The city where Miriam Makeba lived in exile from 1968 to 1986, under the protection of President Sékou Touré. There she deepened her ties with Francophone African music and represented Guinea at the UN.

    Johannesburg, South Africa

    Her birthplace and the site of her triumphant return in 1990 after 31 years of exile. Makeba was welcomed as a national heroine during the first free elections of 1994.

    Castel Volturno, Italy

    A small town near Naples where Miriam Makeba collapsed on stage on November 9, 2008, during a solidarity concert, and passed away a few hours later. A place that became a symbol of her dedication until her very last moment.

    Typical Objects

    Traditional Xhosa dress

    Miriam Makeba proudly wore the colorful garments and hairstyles of her Xhosa people on stages around the world. For her, these clothes were a political act affirming the beauty and dignity of African culture in the face of colonial contempt.

    Stage microphone

    The central tool of her life, the microphone was for Miriam Makeba a peaceful weapon. Through it, she carried the voice of oppressed South Africans into the world's greatest international venues.

    Revoked passport

    In 1960, the South African government stripped her of her passport, condemning her to exile. This document, rendered useless, symbolizes the administrative violence of apartheid against those who dared to speak out.

    Vinyl record of 'Pata Pata'

    Recorded in 1967, this single was an unexpected worldwide hit, introducing African music into millions of households across the globe. It remains her most iconic track.

    Djembe drum

    Traditional African rhythms were at the heart of Miriam Makeba's performances. She reintroduced them on stage to evoke the African cultural roots that apartheid sought to erase.

    UN diplomatic correspondence

    Her letters and speeches at the United Nations between 1964 and 1975 form a unique body of work blending art and diplomacy. They bear witness to her role as an informal ambassador for the anti-apartheid cause.

    School Curriculum

    Vocabulary & Tags

    Key Vocabulary

    Tags

    societechanteuractiviste

    Daily Life

    Morning

    Miriam Makeba started her days early, often with vocal exercises and traditional Xhosa songs learned in her childhood. In exile in Conakry, she would prepare tea and read newspapers to follow the news from South Africa, constantly thinking of her homeland.

    Afternoon

    Her afternoons were devoted to rehearsals with her musicians and to composing. She also dedicated time to political activities: writing speeches, meeting with activists and African diplomats who stopped over in Conakry.

    Evening

    Evenings were the time for concerts and performances. In clubs or on large stages, she would often sing for several hours, ending her recitals sweaty and exhausted but radiant. After shows, she loved sharing a convivial meal with her musicians.

    Food

    Miriam Makeba placed great importance on traditional African cuisine. She would readily cook mealie pap (South African maize porridge), vegetable stews, and Guinean dishes based on rice and peanut sauce during her exile in Conakry.

    Clothing

    On stage, she consistently wore traditional African attire: Xhosa dresses and wraps with geometric patterns, and hair wrapped in colourful fabrics. In everyday life, she alternated between African dress and elegant Western-style clothing for her diplomatic appearances.

    Housing

    In exile, Miriam Makeba lived in various African and Western capitals. In Conakry, she resided in a villa made available to her by President Sékou Touré, surrounded by fellow exiles and African musicians. She decorated her interiors with African craft works to maintain a connection with her roots.

    Historical Timeline

    1932Naissance de Miriam Makeba à Johannesburg, dans le township de Prospect, sous le régime de ségrégation raciale en Afrique du Sud.
    1948Instauration officielle de l'apartheid en Afrique du Sud par le Parti national afrikaner, durcissant les lois de ségrégation raciale.
    1956Miriam Makeba rejoint le groupe vocal The Manhattan Brothers, puis les Skylarks, se faisant connaître dans les clubs de jazz de Johannesburg.
    1959Elle joue dans le film musical 'Come Back, Africa' de Lionel Rogosin, documentaire clandestin dénonçant l'apartheid, présenté à la Mostra de Venise.
    1960Massacre de Sharpeville : la police sud-africaine tue 69 manifestants noirs pacifiques. Miriam Makeba témoigne à l'ONU ; l'Afrique du Sud lui retire son passeport.
    1963Elle chante à la fête d'anniversaire du président Kennedy à New York, invitée par Harry Belafonte, et devient une personnalité internationale.
    1966Miriam Makeba reçoit le Grammy Award du meilleur album de folk avec Harry Belafonte pour 'An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba'.
    1968Mariage avec Stokely Carmichael, leader des Black Panthers. Les pressions politiques aux États-Unis la poussent à s'exiler en Guinée.
    1975Elle représente la Guinée à l'ONU en tant que déléguée, combinant art et engagement diplomatique.
    1986Participation à la tournée mondiale 'Graceland' de Paul Simon, qui la remet sous les feux de la rampe internationale après des années de relatif oubli.
    1990Libération de Nelson Mandela (11 février). Miriam Makeba rentre en Afrique du Sud après 31 ans d'exil, accueillie en héroïne nationale.
    1994Premières élections multiraciales en Afrique du Sud. Nelson Mandela élu président. Makeba chante lors des célébrations de la nouvelle démocratie.
    2001L'Union africaine lui décerne le titre de 'Mère de l'Afrique', reconnaissant son rôle de symbole continental de la dignité et de la liberté.
    2008Miriam Makeba décède sur scène en Italie lors d'un concert de solidarité. Des funérailles nationales lui sont accordées en Afrique du Sud.

    Period Vocabulary

    Apartheid — Afrikaans word meaning 'separation'. Legal regime of racial segregation in effect in South Africa from 1948 to 1991, which separated populations by race and stripped Black people of fundamental rights.
    Township — Peripheral urban area created by the apartheid regime to relocate Black, mixed-race, and Indian populations away from city centers reserved for white people. Johannesburg had several townships, including Sophiatown and Soweto.
    Mbaqanga — South African musical genre born in the townships in the 1950s, blending American jazz with traditional African music. An emblematic musical style of Black cultural resistance under apartheid.
    ANC (African National Congress) — South African political party founded in 1912 to defend the rights of Black populations. Banned in 1960 following the Sharpeville massacre, it led the resistance against apartheid until Nelson Mandela's release in 1990.
    Political exile — The situation of people forced to leave their country to escape political persecution. For many opponents of apartheid such as Miriam Makeba, exile lasted decades and meant being banned from returning home.
    Xhosa — A people of southern South Africa from whom Miriam Makeba descended. The Xhosa language is renowned for its characteristic click consonants, which Makeba used in her traditional songs, fascinating Western audiences.
    Pass (pass book) — Identity document that Black South Africans were required to carry at all times under apartheid. The absence of this pass could result in immediate arrest. The Sharpeville massacre occurred during a protest against these laws.
    Decolonization — The historical process by which African and Asian countries gained independence after decades of European colonial domination. In the 1960s, the wave of decolonization transformed the African continent and inspired civil rights movements around the world.
    Black Panthers — American political movement founded in 1966 by African Americans to defend civil rights and fight against police violence. Stokely Carmichael, whom Miriam Makeba married in 1968, was one of its leading figures.
    Marabi — South African musical style born in Johannesburg in the 1920s, a forerunner of mbaqanga. Blending African and American influences, marabi was the music of popular township gatherings, often played on pianos in shebeens (illegal bars).

    Gallery

    Miriam Makeba 2011

    Miriam Makeba 2011

    Miriam makeba 01

    Miriam makeba 01

    Miriam Makeba (1968)

    Miriam Makeba (1968)

    Miriam Makeba (1969)

    Miriam Makeba (1969)

    Miriam Makeba, Bestanddeelnr 922-1835 (cropped)

    Miriam Makeba, Bestanddeelnr 922-1835 (cropped)

    BJO (programmaboekje)

    BJO (programmaboekje)

    Attributing Creative Commons Content - A guide

    Attributing Creative Commons Content - A guide

    Visual Style

    L'esthétique visuelle de Miriam Makeba allie les tissus traditionnels xhosa aux lumières de scène dorées des grands concerts internationaux, dans un contraste saisissant entre l'Afrique du Sud en noir et blanc de l'apartheid et la chaleur colorée de l'exil africain.

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    AI Prompt
    1960s South African township aesthetic meets international jazz stage, warm earthy tones of African savanna, deep indigo and gold of traditional Xhosa clothing, bold geometric patterns of African textiles, black and white documentary photography of apartheid-era Johannesburg, vintage spotlight on a powerful woman singer on stage, rich red and ochre of African soil, elegant yet defiant posture, United Nations marble hall in cool grey and white, Conakry tropical lush greens, candid press photography in high contrast black and white, 1960s jazz album cover design with warm amber tones

    Sound Ambience

    L'univers sonore de Miriam Makeba mêle le jazz des townships sud-africains, les rythmes mbaqanga et les chants traditionnels xhosa, portés par une voix puissante qui résonnait aussi bien dans les clubs de Johannesburg que dans les salles onusiennes de New York.

    AI Prompt
    South African township jazz from the 1950s and 1960s, marabi piano rhythms, mbaqanga bass lines, women's choral harmonies in Xhosa language with click consonants, distant sounds of Johannesburg streets, African percussion with hand drums and shakers, vibrant nightclub atmosphere with glasses clinking, crowd murmurs and applause in a small smoky jazz club, outdoor African evening sounds with crickets and distant drumming, United Nations assembly hall acoustic with microphone feedback, vinyl record crackling, gospel-influenced vocal improvisations

    Portrait Source

    Wikimedia Commons