
Miriam Makeba
Miriam Makeba
1932 — 2008
Algérie, Afrique du Sud
South African jazz singer and political activist
Émotions disponibles (6)
Neutre
par défaut
Inspirée
Pensive
Surprise
Triste
Fière
Key Facts
Works & Achievements
First album recorded in the United States, produced by Harry Belafonte. It introduced traditional African music to the Western world and established Makeba as a recognized international artist.
A popular song from the townships of Johannesburg that became a worldwide hit. Its unexpected success restored Makeba's international visibility and popularized African music around the globe.
A live album recorded with Harry Belafonte, awarded a Grammy Award. It cemented Miriam Makeba's place as one of the great voices of the civil rights movement on a global scale.
A landmark testimony delivered before the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, which led to the revocation of Makeba's South African passport and established her as a major political figure.
An album that blends traditional African music, jazz, and protest songs, forming a foundational musical and activist work in her repertoire.
An album recorded in exile, entirely dedicated to traditional Xhosa songs and healers' music. A rare and precious testament to African oral tradition, it is considered her most personal work.
A world tour accompanying Paul Simon's album 'Graceland', which brought Miriam Makeba back into the international spotlight and introduced African music to a whole new generation of listeners.
Anecdotes
In 1960, Miriam Makeba testified before the United Nations Special Committee against apartheid, becoming the first Black artist to speak on that international stage. The South African government immediately revoked her passport, condemning her to an exile that would last 31 years.
Her song 'Pata Pata', recorded in 1967 in the United States, became an unexpected worldwide hit. Miriam Makeba did not understand at first why Americans loved it so much: to her, it was simply a dance song from her native township of Johannesburg.
In 1968, following her marriage to Black Panthers activist Stokely Carmichael, Miriam Makeba lost all her contracts in the United States. Record labels dropped her and concert venues cancelled her shows under political pressure. She then settled in Guinea with her husband.
In 1990, Nelson Mandela, freed after 27 years in prison, personally called Miriam Makeba to ask her to return to South Africa. Her homecoming was triumphant: thousands of people welcomed her at Johannesburg airport, moved to tears.
On November 9, 2008, at the age of 76, Miriam Makeba collapsed on stage in Castel Volturno, Italy, minutes after singing 'Pata Pata'. She died of a heart attack during a concert held in solidarity with writer Roberto Saviano, who was under threat from the Camorra. She was singing until her very last breath.
Primary Sources
I am a victim of apartheid, and I speak on behalf of all those who suffer under this regime. My people are deprived of fundamental rights, dignity, and freedom. I ask you to support our struggle for justice.
When I was told that my passport had been revoked and that I would not be able to return home, I understood that the government was trying to silence me. But my voice does not belong to apartheid.
For thirty-one years, I sang for my country from the outside. Today I return, and my music returns with me. South Africa is no longer the one I left behind.
Music is the weapon of the poor. When you have nothing left, you sing. And sometimes, that song changes the world.
Key Places
A vibrant and cosmopolitan neighborhood of Johannesburg where Miriam Makeba grew up and first honed her musical skills in jazz clubs. Destroyed by the apartheid regime in 1955, Sophiatown remains a symbol of Black cultural resistance.
It was before the UN General Assembly that Miriam Makeba delivered her speeches against apartheid in 1964, becoming the first Black artist to bring this cause to the world diplomatic stage.
The city where Miriam Makeba lived in exile from 1968 to 1986, under the protection of President Sékou Touré. There she deepened her ties with Francophone African music and represented Guinea at the UN.
Her birthplace and the site of her triumphant return in 1990 after 31 years of exile. Makeba was welcomed as a national heroine during the first free elections of 1994.
A small town near Naples where Miriam Makeba collapsed on stage on November 9, 2008, during a solidarity concert, and passed away a few hours later. A place that became a symbol of her dedication until her very last moment.
Typical Objects
Miriam Makeba proudly wore the colorful garments and hairstyles of her Xhosa people on stages around the world. For her, these clothes were a political act affirming the beauty and dignity of African culture in the face of colonial contempt.
The central tool of her life, the microphone was for Miriam Makeba a peaceful weapon. Through it, she carried the voice of oppressed South Africans into the world's greatest international venues.
In 1960, the South African government stripped her of her passport, condemning her to exile. This document, rendered useless, symbolizes the administrative violence of apartheid against those who dared to speak out.
Recorded in 1967, this single was an unexpected worldwide hit, introducing African music into millions of households across the globe. It remains her most iconic track.
Traditional African rhythms were at the heart of Miriam Makeba's performances. She reintroduced them on stage to evoke the African cultural roots that apartheid sought to erase.
Her letters and speeches at the United Nations between 1964 and 1975 form a unique body of work blending art and diplomacy. They bear witness to her role as an informal ambassador for the anti-apartheid cause.
School Curriculum
Daily Life
Morning
Miriam Makeba started her days early, often with vocal exercises and traditional Xhosa songs learned in her childhood. In exile in Conakry, she would prepare tea and read newspapers to follow the news from South Africa, constantly thinking of her homeland.
Afternoon
Her afternoons were devoted to rehearsals with her musicians and to composing. She also dedicated time to political activities: writing speeches, meeting with activists and African diplomats who stopped over in Conakry.
Evening
Evenings were the time for concerts and performances. In clubs or on large stages, she would often sing for several hours, ending her recitals sweaty and exhausted but radiant. After shows, she loved sharing a convivial meal with her musicians.
Food
Miriam Makeba placed great importance on traditional African cuisine. She would readily cook mealie pap (South African maize porridge), vegetable stews, and Guinean dishes based on rice and peanut sauce during her exile in Conakry.
Clothing
On stage, she consistently wore traditional African attire: Xhosa dresses and wraps with geometric patterns, and hair wrapped in colourful fabrics. In everyday life, she alternated between African dress and elegant Western-style clothing for her diplomatic appearances.
Housing
In exile, Miriam Makeba lived in various African and Western capitals. In Conakry, she resided in a villa made available to her by President Sékou Touré, surrounded by fellow exiles and African musicians. She decorated her interiors with African craft works to maintain a connection with her roots.
Historical Timeline
Period Vocabulary
Gallery
Miriam Makeba 2011

Miriam makeba 01

Miriam Makeba (1968)
Miriam Makeba (1969)
Miriam Makeba, Bestanddeelnr 922-1835 (cropped)
BJO (programmaboekje)
Attributing Creative Commons Content - A guide
Visual Style
L'esthétique visuelle de Miriam Makeba allie les tissus traditionnels xhosa aux lumières de scène dorées des grands concerts internationaux, dans un contraste saisissant entre l'Afrique du Sud en noir et blanc de l'apartheid et la chaleur colorée de l'exil africain.
AI Prompt
1960s South African township aesthetic meets international jazz stage, warm earthy tones of African savanna, deep indigo and gold of traditional Xhosa clothing, bold geometric patterns of African textiles, black and white documentary photography of apartheid-era Johannesburg, vintage spotlight on a powerful woman singer on stage, rich red and ochre of African soil, elegant yet defiant posture, United Nations marble hall in cool grey and white, Conakry tropical lush greens, candid press photography in high contrast black and white, 1960s jazz album cover design with warm amber tones
Sound Ambience
L'univers sonore de Miriam Makeba mêle le jazz des townships sud-africains, les rythmes mbaqanga et les chants traditionnels xhosa, portés par une voix puissante qui résonnait aussi bien dans les clubs de Johannesburg que dans les salles onusiennes de New York.
AI Prompt
South African township jazz from the 1950s and 1960s, marabi piano rhythms, mbaqanga bass lines, women's choral harmonies in Xhosa language with click consonants, distant sounds of Johannesburg streets, African percussion with hand drums and shakers, vibrant nightclub atmosphere with glasses clinking, crowd murmurs and applause in a small smoky jazz club, outdoor African evening sounds with crickets and distant drumming, United Nations assembly hall acoustic with microphone feedback, vinyl record crackling, gospel-influenced vocal improvisations
Portrait Source
Wikimedia Commons



