Born on July 31

Youki Desnos (née Lucie Badoul, 1903–1962) was one of the iconic figures of the Parisian bohemian scene between the two World Wars. A model and muse for the painter Foujita, then partner of the Surrealist poet Robert Desnos, she was a central presence in the artistic circles of Montparnasse before becoming a gallerist.

American economist, leader of the Chicago School and a major figure of monetarism. A champion of economic liberalism and free markets, he received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1976. His influence shaped the economic policies of the late 20th century.

French comic actor (1914–1983), Louis de Funès is one of the defining figures of popular French cinema. Famous for his expressive acting style, his facial contortions, and his roles as authoritarian, hot-tempered characters, he remains one of the most beloved comedians in France.

Italian writer and chemist (1919-1987), Primo Levi is the author of landmark testimonies about the Holocaust. Arrested in 1943 as an antifascist partisan, he was deported to Auschwitz where he survived thanks to his skills as a chemist. After the war, he became an essential voice in witness literature.

American chemist (1923-2014), Stephanie Kwolek invented Kevlar in 1965, a synthetic fiber five times stronger than steel. Her discovery revolutionized protective equipment and earned her numerous scientific distinctions.

Hilary Putnam (1926-2016) was a major American philosopher in analytic philosophy. He profoundly influenced the philosophy of mind, language, science, and mathematics, distinguished by his ability to revise his own positions throughout his career.

Saudi women's rights activist, imprisoned from 2018 to 2021 for demanding the right to drive and gender equality. Her struggle contributed to lifting the driving ban for women in Saudi Arabia.