Born on July 9

Franz Boas (1858-1942) was a German-born American anthropologist, considered the father of modern cultural anthropology. He fought scientific racism by demonstrating that the differences between peoples stem from culture and not from biology.

Viktor Hamburger was a German-American developmental biologist. His work on the development of the nervous system in the chicken embryo contributed decisively to the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF), which earned a Nobel Prize awarded to his collaborators.

Kathleen Booth (1922-2022) was a British computer scientist and mathematician, a pioneer of the early days of computing. She is credited with inventing assembly language and designing the first computers at Birkbeck College in London, alongside Andrew Booth.

Mathilde Krim was a medical biology researcher specializing in virology and cancer. She is best known for her pioneering fight against AIDS, having founded a research foundation that became amfAR in the 1980s.

Nicknamed “La Negra,” Mercedes Sosa (1935–2009) was one of the greatest voices in Latin America. An iconic figure of the Nueva Canción movement, she channeled through her music the struggle for social justice and the dignity of oppressed peoples.

British painter born in 1937, a major figure of Pop Art and contemporary figurative painting. Known for his Californian swimming pools and portraits, he constantly explores new media, from photo-collage to the iPad.

Co-creator of Mosaic (1993), the first mainstream web browser, and then co-founder of Netscape, Marc Andreessen revolutionized access to the Internet. He went on to become one of Silicon Valley's most influential investors, co-founding the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz.