Ariadne

Ariadne

MythologyBefore ChristArchaic Greek mythology — stories passed down orally before being written down between the 8th and 5th centuries BCE.

Cretan princess of Greek mythology, daughter of King Minos and Pasiphae. She helps the Athenian hero Theseus defeat the Minotaur by giving him a thread to navigate the labyrinth. Abandoned on the island of Naxos, she becomes the wife of the god Dionysus.

Famous Quotes

« "Without me, you would have died in the winding passages of the labyrinth" — words attributed to Ariadne by tradition, recorded by Ovid in the Heroides (Letter X) »

Key Facts

  • Daughter of King Minos of Crete and Pasiphae, according to Greek mythological tradition
  • Gives Theseus a thread (the "thread of Ariadne") so he can find his way out of the labyrinth after killing the Minotaur
  • Flees Crete with Theseus, but is abandoned by him on the island of Naxos
  • Married by the god Dionysus after her abandonment, and elevated to divine status in some versions of the myth
  • Her story is attested in Greek written sources, notably Hesiod (Theogony) and, on the Latin side, Ovid (Heroides, Metamorphoses)

Works & Achievements

The Dance of the Labyrinth (geranos) (Mythical era, oral tradition)

Ariadne is said to have taught or inspired a ceremonial dance mimicking the winding paths of the labyrinth, mentioned by Homer on the Shield of Achilles. This ritual dance was practiced for a long time on the island of Delos.

The saving thread — a founding act (Mythical era)

The symbolic act of handing Theseus a thread is Ariadne's defining 'work' in mythology. This act of practical intelligence gave rise to the proverbial expression 'Ariadne's thread' across European languages.

Marriage to Dionysus and apotheosis (Mythical era)

By marrying the god Dionysus, Ariadne attains immortality. This divine union is regarded as a reward for her virtues, making her one of the few mortals elevated to the status of goddess in Greek mythology.

Corona Borealis — the celestial crown (Mythical era, described by Eratosthenes ~240 BC)

Dionysus transforms Ariadne's bridal crown into a constellation. The Corona Borealis (Northern Crown) is a constellation visible from the northern hemisphere, an eternal testament to the god's love for the Cretan princess.

Anecdotes

When Theseus arrives in Crete among the young Athenians destined for the Minotaur, Ariadne falls in love with him at first sight. She secretly gives him a ball of thread — the famous 'Ariadne's thread' — so he can find his way back through the labyrinth designed by Daedalus. Without her, Theseus would have defeated the monster but died lost in the endless corridors.

After the victory over the Minotaur, Theseus takes Ariadne aboard his ship and flees Crete. But during a stop on the island of Naxos, he abandons her while she sleeps, with no clear explanation. Some myths say Athena ordered him to leave her; others suggest Theseus was simply cowardly and ungrateful.

Abandoned on the shores of Naxos, Ariadne is discovered by the god Dionysus, god of wine and revelry, who falls desperately in love with her. He marries her and immortalizes her by placing her wedding crown — the Corona Borealis — among the stars of the sky, where it can still be seen today.

Ariadne's thread has become a universal metaphor for anything that helps us find our way through a complex situation or difficult reasoning. This image has run through philosophy, literature, and the sciences from Antiquity to the present day, testifying to the enduring power of this myth.

Primary Sources

Iliad, Book XVIII — Homer (8th century BCE)
Hephaestus depicts on Achilles' shield a round dance of young people like the one Ariadne once taught at Knossos.
Theogony — Hesiod (8th century BCE)
Golden-haired Dionysus took fair-tressed Ariadne, daughter of Minos, as his wife, and Zeus the son of Cronos made her immortal.
Epithalamium for Theseus — Sappho (fragment 99 Voigt) (6th century BCE)
A fragment evoking the abandonment of Ariadne on Naxos, preserved within the Greek lyric tradition.
Carmina LXIV — Catullus (1st century BCE)
Ariadne watched Theseus sail away over the foaming waves, consumed by immense grief in her heart; she could not turn her eyes from the treacherous shore.
Library — Pseudo-Apollodorus, Epitome I (1st–2nd century CE)
Ariadne, daughter of Minos and Pasiphae, fell in love with Theseus and gave him a thread so that he could find his way out of the labyrinth after killing the Minotaur.

Key Places

Knossos, Crete

Capital of the kingdom of her father Minos and seat of the royal palace where the labyrinth built by Daedalus was located. It is here that Ariadne meets Theseus and gives him the life-saving thread.

Naxos (island of the Cyclades)

Greek island where Theseus abandons the sleeping Ariadne on the shore after their escape from Crete. It is on this island that Dionysus discovers her and makes her his wife, elevating her to the status of goddess.

Delos (sacred island of Apollo)

A stopover on Theseus's return journey, where the rescued young Athenians performed the 'crane dance' (geranos) in honor of Ariadne, according to Plutarch. This dance mimicked the winding passages of the labyrinth.

Athens, Attica

The city of which Theseus is crown prince, which every year sent a tribute of seven young men and seven young women to the Minotaur. Theseus's victory, made possible by Ariadne, frees Athens from this bloody tribute.

The Labyrinth (symbolic location, Knossos)

A legendary underground structure created by the architect Daedalus to imprison the Minotaur. Some archaeologists believe the complexity of the palace at Knossos inspired this myth. It is here that Ariadne's fate is decided.

Gallery


Dutch:  Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt Portrait Miniature of Hans Schwarzwaldttitle QS:P1476,nl:"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "label QS:Lnl,"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "

Dutch: Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt Portrait Miniature of Hans Schwarzwaldttitle QS:P1476,nl:"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "label QS:Lnl,"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Hans Holbein the Younger


Dutch:  Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt Portrait Miniature of Hans Schwarzwaldttitle QS:P1476,nl:"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "label QS:Lnl,"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "

Dutch: Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt Portrait Miniature of Hans Schwarzwaldttitle QS:P1476,nl:"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "label QS:Lnl,"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Hans Holbein the Younger


Dutch:  Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt Portrait Miniature of Hans Schwarzwaldttitle QS:P1476,nl:"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "label QS:Lnl,"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "

Dutch: Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt Portrait Miniature of Hans Schwarzwaldttitle QS:P1476,nl:"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "label QS:Lnl,"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Hans Holbein the Younger


Dutch:  Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt Portrait Miniature of Hans Schwarzwaldttitle QS:P1476,nl:"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "label QS:Lnl,"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "

Dutch: Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt Portrait Miniature of Hans Schwarzwaldttitle QS:P1476,nl:"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "label QS:Lnl,"Portretminiatuur van Hans Schwarzwaldt "

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Hans Holbein the Younger


French:  Portrait de princesse Portrait of a princesstitle QS:P1476,fr:"Portrait de princesse "label QS:Lfr,"Portrait de princesse "label QS:Len,"Portrait of a princess"

French: Portrait de princesse Portrait of a princesstitle QS:P1476,fr:"Portrait de princesse "label QS:Lfr,"Portrait de princesse "label QS:Len,"Portrait of a princess"

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — French School / Unidentified painter

Snowy-bellied hummingbird (Amazilia edward niveoventer) 1

Snowy-bellied hummingbird (Amazilia edward niveoventer) 1

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Charles J. Sharp

Albert Pierre-René Maignan - Jules Massenet - Ariane

Albert Pierre-René Maignan - Jules Massenet - Ariane

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Albert Pierre-René Maignan (1845-1908), restored by Adam Cuerden

Musée d'arts de Nantes - 174 - Bacchus et Ariane, Francesco Maximilien Laboureur, copie 18e siècle

Musée d'arts de Nantes - 174 - Bacchus et Ariane, Francesco Maximilien Laboureur, copie 18e siècle

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Koreller

Musée d'arts de Nantes - 175 - Bacchus et Ariane, Francesco Maximilien Laboureur, copie 18e siècle

Musée d'arts de Nantes - 175 - Bacchus et Ariane, Francesco Maximilien Laboureur, copie 18e siècle

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Koreller

Musée d'arts de Nantes - 176 - Bacchus et Ariane, Francesco Maximilien Laboureur, copie 18e siècle

Musée d'arts de Nantes - 176 - Bacchus et Ariane, Francesco Maximilien Laboureur, copie 18e siècle

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Koreller

See also