Circe

Circe

MythologyBefore ChristCharacter from archaic Greek mythology, whose stories were set down in writing around the 8th–7th century BCE.

Circe is an enchantress from Greek mythology, daughter of the sun god Helios, known for her magical powers. In Homer's Odyssey, she transforms Odysseus's companions into pigs before becoming the hero's ally.

Famous Quotes

« "Come into my house, so that I may offer you food and drink." (words attributed by the Homeric tradition, Odyssey, Book X) »

Key Facts

  • Daughter of the sun god Helios and the Oceanid Perse, according to Greek mythological tradition.
  • She lives on the island of Aeaea and masters potions, magical herbs, and incantations.
  • In the Odyssey (composed around the 8th century BCE), she transforms Odysseus's companions into pigs using a magic wand.
  • Odysseus, protected by the herb moly given to him by Hermes, resists her spells and forces her to restore his men to human form.
  • Circe keeps Odysseus on her island for a year and shows him how to descend to the Underworld to consult Tiresias.

Works & Achievements

The Odyssey – Homer, Books X and XII (8th century BC)

The founding text of the Circe myth, and the first complete account of the episode in which Odysseus's companions are transformed and the hero spends a year on the island of Aeaea.

Theogony – Hesiod (7th century BC)

The text that places Circe within the Greek divine genealogy, making her the daughter of the god Helios and the sister of Aeëtes, king of Colchis.

Argonautica – Apollonius of Rhodes (3rd century BC)

An Alexandrian epic poem in which Circe plays the role of a purifying priestess, cleansing Medea and Jason of their crime in a solemn ritual.

Aeneid – Virgil, Book VII (c. 19 BC)

Virgil describes Circe's island as a land of transformations, which Aeneas sails past in the night, his companions hearing the groans of men changed into beasts.

Metamorphoses – Ovid, Books XIII–XIV (c. 7 AD)

Ovid develops new stories around Circe — her jealous passions, the transformations of Scylla and Picus — greatly enriching the character for the Latin and medieval traditions.

Gryllus – Plutarch (2nd century AD)

A philosophical dialogue in which Circe serves as a pretext for reflecting on animal virtue: one of Odysseus's companions, turned into a pig, refuses to return to human form, preferring his animal condition.

Anecdotes

In Homer's Odyssey, Circe transforms Odysseus's companions into pigs upon their arrival on her island of Aeaea. Odysseus, protected by a magical herb called moly given to him by Hermes, resists her enchantment and forces the sorceress to restore his men to human form.

Circe is one of the rare female figures in Greek mythology to hold genuine autonomous power, independent of any god or hero. She masters medicinal plants and poisons, and personally prepares her magic potions in her palace surrounded by tamed wild animals.

After her reconciliation with Odysseus, Circe becomes his lover and keeps him on her island for an entire year. She then reveals to him how to journey to the Underworld to consult the shade of the seer Tiresias, offering him decisive guidance for his return to Ithaca.

According to certain mythological versions, Circe is the mother of Telegonus, son of Odysseus, who will accidentally kill his own father without recognizing him. This tragedy illustrates the power of intertwined fates that characterize Greek epic narratives.

Circe is also known for having aided the Argonauts led by Jason. She purifies Medea and Jason of the murder of Absyrtus, performing a ritual of catharsis essential to lifting the stain of shed blood.

Primary Sources

Odyssey, Book X (8th century BCE)
They came at once to the halls of Circe; she brought them in and seated them on chairs and thrones. Then she prepared for them a mixture of cheese, barley meal, and pale honey with Pramnian wine, and stirred into the drink baneful drugs to make them forget their homeland.
Odyssey, Book XII (8th century BCE)
It was the divine Circe who revealed this to me — she who first warned me of all these perils. She said: you will go first to the house of Hades and dread Persephone, to consult the shade of the Theban prophet Tiresias.
Hesiod's Theogony (7th century BCE)
Helios, the Sun, fathered Circe and Aeëtes, king of magnificent counsel, whose daughter was the lovely Medea of the slender ankles.
Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica, Book IV (3rd century BCE)
They came ashore on the island of Aeaea, the dwelling of Circe, and found her washing her hair in the sea. She had been tormented by a fearful vision in her sleep, and the walls of her chambers had been dripping with blood.
Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books XIII–XIV (1st century BCE)
Circe, powerful in her herbs and magic spells, transformed Scylla into a hideous monster; and Picus, for having spurned her love, was turned into a woodpecker by the jealous sorceress.

Key Places

Island of Aeaea

The mythical home of Circe, described by Homer as a land surrounded by water and covered in dense forests. Traditionally identified with Cape Circeo on the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy.

Cape Circeo (Monte Circeo), Italy

A promontory on the coast of Latium that the ancients associated with Circe's island. Circe's name is still embedded in Italian place names and ancient tradition.

Colchis

The homeland of Medea, Circe's niece according to Greek mythology. A distant land east of the Black Sea, associated with eastern magic and the Golden Fleece sought by the Argonauts.

Palace of Helios (mythical place)

The dwelling of the sun god Helios, Circe's father. Homer and Hesiod place it in the east, where the sun rises, symbolizing the divine and radiant origins of the sorceress.

Gallery


Circe Offering the Cup to Odysseus

Circe Offering the Cup to Odysseus

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — John William Waterhouse


Circe

Circe

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Wright Barker (British Painter, 1864-1941)

Accademia - Francesco Maffei - Mythological Scene

Accademia - Francesco Maffei - Mythological Scene

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Didier Descouens


Emma Hart (c.1765–1815), Lady Hamilton, as Circe title QS:P1476,en:"Emma Hart (c.1765–1815), Lady Hamilton, as Circe "label QS:Len,"Emma Hart (c.1765–1815), Lady Hamilton, as Circe "

Emma Hart (c.1765–1815), Lady Hamilton, as Circe title QS:P1476,en:"Emma Hart (c.1765–1815), Lady Hamilton, as Circe "label QS:Len,"Emma Hart (c.1765–1815), Lady Hamilton, as Circe "

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — George Romney

Portrait de Marie-Marguerite Foucher de Circé

Portrait de Marie-Marguerite Foucher de Circé

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Amaury-Duval, Pineux-Duval Eugène Emmanuel

Statue - Circé - (1684-1686) - MR 2036 - Laurent Magnier - (1615-1700) - Parterre de Latone - Versailles - P1610939

Statue - Circé - (1684-1686) - MR 2036 - Laurent Magnier - (1615-1700) - Parterre de Latone - Versailles - P1610939

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Laurent Magnier; Vincent Torri (photo); LlywelynII (improvement)


Explication des ouvrages de peinture et dessins, sculpture, architecture et gravure, des artistes vivans

Explication des ouvrages de peinture et dessins, sculpture, architecture et gravure, des artistes vivans

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Société des artistes français. Salon Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (France) Salon (Exhibition : Paris


Explication des ouvrages de peinture et dessins, sculpture, architecture et gravure, des artistes vivans

Explication des ouvrages de peinture et dessins, sculpture, architecture et gravure, des artistes vivans

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Société des artistes français. Salon Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (France) Salon (Exhibition : Paris


French:  Dictionnaire portatif de peinture, sculpture et gravure title QS:P1476,fr:"Dictionnaire portatif de peinture, sculpture et gravure "label QS:Lfr,"Dictionnaire portatif de peinture, sculpture

French: Dictionnaire portatif de peinture, sculpture et gravure title QS:P1476,fr:"Dictionnaire portatif de peinture, sculpture et gravure "label QS:Lfr,"Dictionnaire portatif de peinture, sculpture

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Antoine-Joseph Pernety


Histoire de la médecine. Étude sur nos traditions / Vol. I

Histoire de la médecine. Étude sur nos traditions / Vol. I

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Fredault, Félix

See also