Portrait de David Hume

David Hume

David Hume

1711 — 1776

royaume de Grande-Bretagne

PhilosophyPhilosopheEarly Modern18th century (Scottish Enlightenment)

Scottish Enlightenment philosopher (1711-1776), David Hume is one of the foremost thinkers of modern empiricism. He grounded his philosophy in observation and sensory experience, challenging rational certainties and developing a sceptical approach to knowledge.

Émotions disponibles (6)

N

Neutre

par défaut

I

Inspiré

P

Pensif

S

Surpris

T

Triste

F

Fier

Famous Quotes

« If we take in our hand any volume of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance, let us ask: Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames, for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion. »
« Philosophy can never go beyond human nature. »

Key Facts

  • 1739-1740: Publication of A Treatise of Human Nature, a landmark work laying out the principles of empiricism
  • 1748: Publication of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, a revised and more accessible presentation of his thought
  • 1750s: Publication of his Essays, Moral and Political, which brought him to the attention of the educated public
  • 1776: Death in Edinburgh, having fundamentally challenged the concepts of causality and substance
  • Rejection of dogmatic metaphysics and advocacy of systematic doubt in philosophical inquiry

Works & Achievements

A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740)

Hume's foundational philosophical work, in which he analyzes understanding, passions, and morality drawing solely on experience. The work went unnoticed upon publication but is today considered a masterpiece.

Essays, Moral and Political (1741-1742)

A collection of essays that brought Hume his first public recognition, addressing questions of politics, economics, and society with clarity and elegance.

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)

An accessible reformulation of the first book of the Treatise, containing the famous critique of causality and the argument against miracles.

An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751)

A work that Hume himself considered the best of all his writings, grounding morality in the sentiment of sympathy rather than reason.

The History of England (1754-1762)

A monumental work in six volumes that brought Hume fame during his lifetime. It remained the standard history of England for nearly a century.

Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779 (posthumous))

Published after his death according to his wishes, these dialogues examine the arguments for the existence of God with a skeptical rigor that lastingly influenced the philosophy of religion.

Anecdotes

When David Hume traveled to Paris in 1763 as embassy secretary, he was welcomed as a genuine celebrity by the Parisian salons. High-society ladies competed for his company, which greatly amused this portly and jovial philosopher, unaccustomed to such social attention.

Hume and Jean-Jacques Rousseau had a famous friendship that ended in disaster. In 1766, Hume generously welcomed Rousseau to England to protect him from his persecutors, but the Genevan philosopher, paranoid by nature, publicly accused him of plotting against him, triggering a resounding scandal throughout intellectual Europe.

On his deathbed in 1776, Hume remained true to his religious skepticism with remarkable calm. His friend Adam Smith reported that he joked with Charon, the ferryman of the Underworld, imagining the excuses he might offer to delay crossing the Styx. This serenity in the face of death without religious consolation deeply shocked British society.

As a young man, Hume was rejected for a professorship at the University of Edinburgh in 1745, largely because of his ideas deemed irreligious. The man considered today the greatest philosopher in the English language was never able to obtain a university chair in his own country.

Hume was renowned for his stoutness and his love of food. A French countess nicknamed him 'fat David' and he readily accepted this nickname with good humor. He was also known to be an excellent cook and enjoyed preparing dishes himself for his philosopher friends.

Primary Sources

A Treatise of Human Nature (1739)
Reason is, and ought only to be, the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)
If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion.
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779 (posthumous))
The whole is a riddle, an enigma, an inexplicable mystery. No system, no hypothesis can resolve the difficulties that arise when applying our limited concepts to a universe so vast and so majestic.
My Own Life (1776)
I was born the 26th of April 1711, old style, at Edinburgh. I am of a good family, both by father and mother. I was seized very early with a passion for literature, which has been the ruling passion of my life, and the great source of my enjoyments. I had a disposition to mildness and openness, sociability and cheerfulness, capable of attachment but little susceptible of enmity.

Key Places

Edinburgh, Scotland

Hume's birthplace and centre of the Scottish Enlightenment. He lived there for most of his life, including in his house at James Court and later in the street that now bears his name (St David Street).

La Flèche, France

Hume stayed near La Flèche between 1735 and 1737, in the quiet of the French countryside, to write his Treatise of Human Nature, not far from the Jesuit college where Descartes had studied.

Paris, France

Hume stayed there as embassy secretary from 1763 to 1766. He frequented the salons of the Enlightenment and formed close ties with Diderot, d'Alembert, and the Encyclopédistes.

Ninewells, Berwickshire, Scotland

The Hume family estate in the Scottish Borders, where the philosopher spent his childhood and many writing retreats throughout his life.

University of Glasgow

A major intellectual hub of the Scottish Enlightenment where his friend Adam Smith taught. Hume maintained regular philosophical exchanges there.

Typical Objects

Quill pen and inkwell

Essential writing instruments with which Hume drafted his philosophical treatises and his abundant correspondence with the great minds of Europe.

Clay pipe

A common accessory among Scottish gentlemen of the 18th century, often used during philosophical conversations in Edinburgh's taverns and clubs.

Powdered wig

The typical white wig worn by men of letters and polite society in the 18th century, which Hume wore in Parisian salons and fashionable circles.

Leather-bound books

Hume, as librarian of the Faculty of Advocates, had access to one of the largest book collections in Scotland, which nourished his historical and philosophical work.

Terrestrial globe

A typical cabinet object of the Enlightenment, symbolising the universal curiosity and openness to the world that characterised Hume's thought.

Porcelain tea service

Tea had become the favourite drink of British polite society. Hume frequently received his philosopher friends over a cup of tea.

School Curriculum

LycéePhilosophiePhilosophie et science au XVIIIe siècle
LycéePhilosophieFondements et limites de la connaissance humaine
LycéePhilosophieOpposition entre empirisme et rationalisme
LycéePhilosophieCritique de la causalité et de l'induction
LycéePhilosophieScepticisme philosophique modéré
LycéePhilosophieNature des impressions et des idées
LycéePhilosophieQuestion du rapport entre sujet et objet

Vocabulary & Tags

Key Vocabulary

empiricismimpressionideacausalityscepticisminductionmetaphysicshabit

Tags

Époque

David HumeempirismeimpressionidéecausalitéscepticismeinductionmétaphysiquehabitudeXVIIIe siècle (Lumières écossaises)

Daily Life

Morning

Hume rose relatively late, around nine o'clock, a habit he kept throughout his life. He had a simple breakfast of tea and bread, then settled in his study to read and reflect. The morning was devoted to reading and correspondence with his many intellectual friends across Europe.

Afternoon

In the afternoon, Hume often went to the taverns and clubs of Edinburgh to meet his friends, notably Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, and William Robertson. These lively conversations on philosophy, history, and politics nourished his thinking. He also frequented the Advocates' Library.

Evening

In the evening, Hume enjoyed hosting dinners at home, sometimes cooking himself, as he had a reputation as a good cook. Discussions would go on late over a glass of claret (Bordeaux wine). He also devoted his evenings to writing his works, making use of the quiet of the night.

Food

Hume appreciated good food and was known for his hearty appetite. His typical diet included Scottish mutton, haggis, porridge, wheaten bread, seasonal vegetables, and fish. He was particularly fond of Bordeaux wine, imported to Scotland through the longstanding Franco-Scottish trading relations.

Clothing

As an eighteenth-century Scottish gentleman, Hume wore French-style dress consisting of a coat, waistcoat, and knee breeches, with silk stockings and buckled shoes. He wore a powdered wig on formal occasions. In Paris, he adopted more elegant attire to attend the salons.

Housing

Hume first lived in modest apartments in Edinburgh's Old Town, notably at James Court, a typical multi-storey tenement of the Old Town. Towards the end of his life, he had a house built in the New Town, Edinburgh's new Georgian quarter, on the corner of St Andrew Square and the street that would bear his name.

Historical Timeline

1707Acte d'Union entre l'Angleterre et l'Écosse, créant le Royaume de Grande-Bretagne.
1711Naissance de David Hume à Édimbourg, dans une famille de la petite noblesse écossaise.
1715Première rébellion jacobite en Écosse pour restaurer les Stuart sur le trône.
1739Publication du Traité de la nature humaine, qui passe largement inaperçu.
1745Soulèvement jacobite de Charles Édouard Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) en Écosse.
1748Publication de l'Enquête sur l'entendement humain et traité de Westphalie mettant fin à la guerre de Succession d'Autriche.
1751Publication de l'Enquête sur les principes de la morale, que Hume considérait comme son meilleur ouvrage.
1752Hume devient bibliothécaire de la Faculté des avocats d'Édimbourg.
1754Début de la publication de l'Histoire de l'Angleterre, qui lui apporte la célébrité.
1756Début de la guerre de Sept Ans entre la France et la Grande-Bretagne.
1763Hume accompagne lord Hertford à Paris comme secrétaire d'ambassade ; triomphe dans les salons.
1769Retour définitif à Édimbourg où il fréquente Adam Smith et les penseurs des Lumières écossaises.
1776Mort de Hume à Édimbourg. La même année, Adam Smith publie La Richesse des nations et les colonies américaines déclarent leur indépendance.

Period Vocabulary

EmpiricismPhilosophical current grounding all knowledge in sensory experience and observation, as opposed to rationalism. Hume is its most radical representative.
ScepticismPhilosophical attitude consisting of doubting established certainties and suspending judgement. Hume developed a moderate scepticism that he applied to metaphysics and religion.
CausalityThe cause-and-effect relationship between two events. Hume demonstrated that this relationship is merely a habit of the mind, not a logical necessity, thus revolutionising philosophy.
EnlightenmentIntellectual movement of the 18th century advocating the use of reason, tolerance, and progress. The Scottish Enlightenment, to which Hume belonged, emphasised moral sense and political economy.
Close (wynds)Narrow alleyways and covered passages characteristic of Edinburgh's old town, where inhabitants were crammed into tall tenement buildings. Hume lived there for part of his life.
ClaretThe name given by the British to red Bordeaux wine, widely enjoyed in Scotland thanks to the Auld Alliance, the ancient Franco-Scottish alliance. Hume was a great admirer of it.
Impressions and ideasA fundamental distinction in Hume's philosophy: impressions are vivid, immediate perceptions (sensations, emotions), while ideas are their weakened copies in memory and imagination.
GentlemanA man of good birth and refined education in the 18th century. Hume, from minor Scottish nobility, embodied the ideal of the cultivated and sociable philosopher-gentleman.
SalonA social and intellectual gathering held at the home of a notable figure, often a woman of high society. In Paris, Hume frequented the most prestigious salons of the French Enlightenment.
JacobiteA supporter of restoring the Stuart dynasty to the throne of Great Britain. The Jacobite uprisings of 1715 and 1745 left a deep mark on Scotland during Hume's lifetime.

Gallery


Portrait of David Hume (1711-1776)

Portrait of David Hume (1711-1776)

Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings, 1887, vol 4

Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings, 1887, vol 4


President Ford examines a wood portrait

President Ford examines a wood portrait


Cyclopedia of painters and paintings

Cyclopedia of painters and paintings


David Hume, 1711 - 1776. Historian and philosopher title QS:P1476,en:"David Hume, 1711 - 1776. Historian and philosopher "label QS:Len,"David Hume, 1711 - 1776. Historian and philosopher "label QS:Lz

David Hume, 1711 - 1776. Historian and philosopher title QS:P1476,en:"David Hume, 1711 - 1776. Historian and philosopher "label QS:Len,"David Hume, 1711 - 1776. Historian and philosopher "label QS:Lz

Statue of Hume with traffic cone hat

Statue of Hume with traffic cone hat

Statue of David Hume

Statue of David Hume

David Hume Statue and St Giles Cathedral. - geograph.org.uk - 156952

David Hume Statue and St Giles Cathedral. - geograph.org.uk - 156952

Hume Statue

Hume Statue

David Hume statue, Edinburgh

David Hume statue, Edinburgh

Visual Style

Un style visuel inspiré des portraits à l'huile du XVIIIe siècle écossais, entre intérieurs chaleureux éclairés à la bougie et les ruelles brumeuses d'Édimbourg, dans des tons ambrés et profonds.

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AI Prompt
18th-century Scottish Enlightenment aesthetic, warm candlelit interiors with rich mahogany furniture, leather-bound books lining dark wood shelves, oil painting style reminiscent of Allan Ramsay's portraiture, soft chiaroscuro lighting with golden amber tones, Edinburgh's dramatic skyline with castle silhouette against moody skies, elegant Georgian architecture, muted earth tones with deep burgundy and forest green accents, atmospheric fog rolling through cobblestone streets, refined but understated scholarly elegance typical of the Scottish gentry.

Sound Ambience

L'ambiance sonore d'Édimbourg au XVIIIe siècle, entre le calme studieux d'un cabinet de philosophe et l'animation des ruelles pavées de la vieille ville, bercée par le crépitement du feu et le son des cloches.

AI Prompt
Atmospheric sounds of 18th-century Edinburgh Old Town: cobblestones under horse hooves and carriage wheels, distant church bells from St Giles' Cathedral, the murmur of scholarly conversation in a gentleman's club, crackling fireplace in a wood-paneled study, quill pen scratching on parchment, the clink of teacups and saucers, rain pattering on leaded glass windows, a grandfather clock ticking steadily, pages of leather-bound books being turned, wind whistling through narrow closes and wynds of the Royal Mile.

Portrait Source

Wikimedia Commons — domaine public — Allan Ramsay — 1766