John Locke(1632 — 1704)

A major philosophical work that founds modern empiricism by asserting that all knowledge comes from sensory experience. It breaks with Cartesian rationalism and would influence the entire Enlightenment century.

A foundational text of political liberalism, in which Locke theorizes the social contract, natural rights (life, liberty, property) and the right of the people to resist tyranny. This text directly inspired the American Declaration of Independence of 1776.

A plea for the separation of Church and State and for freedom of religious conscience. This courageous text, published under the cover of anonymity, is one of the first great modern texts on toleration.

A pedagogical treatise derived from letters to a friend, in which Locke advocates an education founded on experience, reason, and virtue rather than memorization. It profoundly influenced Rousseau and the educators of the Enlightenment.

Locke proposes a rational and tolerant reading of the Christian faith, seeking to reconcile reason and religion, which earned him accusations of heresy from conservative theologians.

The great and chief end, therefore, of men's uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their property.

I esteem toleration to be the chief characteristical mark of the true church, insomuch that whosoever claims to belong to it, yet persecutes and torments other men under pretence of religion, does thereby in effect depart from the true religion.

Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas: how comes it to be furnished? [...] Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? [...] To this I answer, in one word, from experience.

I think I may say, that of all the men we meet with, nine parts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education.

John Locke's birthplace in 1632, born into a modest Puritan family. This rural village in southwest England shaped his early years and religious upbringing.

Locke studied medicine, philosophy, and natural sciences here from 1652. It was there that he met Robert Boyle and developed his taste for empirical experimentation.

Locke lived in exile in Amsterdam and Utrecht from 1683 to 1689, taking advantage of the Dutch climate of tolerance to write his major works and frequent European philosophical circles.

The Masham family home where Locke spent his final years; he died there in 1704 surrounded by friends and philosophers, having revised and completed his works.

At the heart of English power, Locke mingled with ministers and parliamentarians under the protection of Shaftesbury, closely observing the workings of a nascent constitutional monarchy.