Portrait de Jane Austen

Jane Austen

Jane Austen

1775 — 1817

royaume de Grande-Bretagne, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande

LiteratureÉcrivain(e)Early ModernLate 18th and early 19th century

Jane Austen (1775-1817) was a major English novelist of the 19th century, author of romantic and social novels that subtly critique the social conventions of her time. Her work, most notably Pride and Prejudice, explores human relationships and the stakes of marriage with irony and psychological insight.

Émotions disponibles (6)

N

Neutre

par défaut

I

Inspirée

P

Pensive

S

Surprise

T

Triste

F

Fière

Famous Quotes

« It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. »
« There is nothing I would not do for those who are really my friends. »
« I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading! »

Key Facts

  • Born on 16 December 1775 in Steventon, Hampshire
  • Anonymous publication of Pride and Prejudice in 1813, her most celebrated novel
  • Author of six complete novels exploring romantic and social relationships
  • Died on 18 July 1817 in Winchester, at the age of 41
  • Posthumously recognised as a major figure of English literature

Works & Achievements

Sense and Sensibility (1811)

Jane Austen's first published novel, it contrasts two sisters with opposing temperaments: the sensible Elinor and the romantic Marianne. It examines the place of women in Georgian society and the choices imposed by the economic necessity of marriage.

Pride and Prejudice (1813)

Jane Austen's masterpiece, it follows Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy through a relationship shaped by class prejudice and pride. It is one of the most widely read and adapted novels in world literature.

Mansfield Park (1814)

A darker novel, it explores moral questions through the heroine Fanny Price, a poor cousin raised in a wealthy family. Austen subtly addresses the issue of slavery and moral conscience.

Emma (1815)

A portrait of an imperfect and overconfident heroine, Emma Woodhouse learns humility through her errors of judgment. This novel is often considered Austen's most technically ambitious, featuring a highly controlled narrative point of view.

Northanger Abbey (1817 (posthumous))

A parody of the Gothic novels then hugely popular, it follows the naive Catherine Morland as she discovers the realities of English society. Austen demonstrates her wit and her keen awareness of the literary fashions of her time.

Persuasion (1817 (posthumous))

Jane Austen's last completed novel, it tells the story of a second chance for Anne Elliot and Captain Wentworth, separated years earlier by social conventions. It is her most melancholic and most personal work.

Anecdotes

Jane Austen wrote her novels on small scraps of paper that she could quickly hide under a blotter whenever someone entered the room. She worked in the family sitting room and did not want her relatives to know she was writing, as writing was not considered a suitable activity for a young woman of her time.

Pride and Prejudice was first titled First Impressions and rejected by a publisher in 1797 without even being read. Jane Austen had to wait sixteen years before seeing it published, in 1813, under its final title. The novel was an immediate success and sold out within weeks.

Jane Austen published all her novels anonymously, under the byline "By a Lady". She never publicly revealed her identity as an author during her lifetime. It was her brother Henry who disclosed her name after her death in 1817.

At the age of twenty-five, Jane Austen accepted a marriage proposal from Harris Bigg-Wither, a wealthy landowner, only to withdraw her acceptance the very next morning. She chose to remain true to her convictions about love rather than marry for financial gain — a central theme of her novels.

The Prince Regent George, the future George IV, was a great admirer of Jane Austen and had his librarian convey to her that she was welcome to dedicate one of her novels to him. Little enthused by a prince she considered lacking in virtue, she nonetheless complied and dedicated Emma (1815) to her royal admirer.

Primary Sources

Letter to Cassandra Austen (4 February 1813) (4 February 1813)
« I have got my own darling child from London... I must try to write of something else, and it shall be a complete change of subject – ordination. » She expresses her joy upon receiving the first copies of Pride and Prejudice.
Letter to James Stanier Clarke (1 April 1816) (1 April 1816)
« I am fully sensible that an Historical Romance, founded on the House of Saxe Cobourg, might be much more to the purpose of profit or popularity than such pictures of domestic life in country villages as I deal in. »
Pride and Prejudice, Chapter 1 (incipit) (1813)
« It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. » This ironic opening line is one of the most famous in English literature.
Letter to her nephew James Edward Austen (16 December 1816) (16 December 1816)
« What should I do with your strong, manly, spirited sketches, full of variety and glow? How could I possibly join them on to the little bit (two inches wide) of ivory on which I work with so fine a brush, as produces little effect after much labour? »

Key Places

Steventon Rectory, Hampshire

Jane Austen's birthplace and childhood home, where she spent the first twenty-five years of her life and began writing her earliest novels. The rectory has been demolished, but the Church of St Nicholas still stands.

Chawton Cottage, Hampshire

The house where Jane Austen lived from 1809 to 1817, the most productive period of her career. She revised and published her six major novels there; the house is today a museum, Jane Austen's House.

Bath, Somerset

A fashionable spa town where Jane Austen lived from 1801 to 1806, which she enjoyed little despite its social bustle. Bath is the setting of Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, novels in which she portrayed her ambivalence towards urban life.

Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire

Jane Austen died in Winchester on 18 July 1817 and was buried in the cathedral. Her grave slab is still visible in the north aisle, and a commemorative stained-glass window is dedicated to her.

Godmersham Park, Kent

A manor house belonging to her brother Edward Austen Knight, where Jane stayed regularly. These visits allowed her to observe life in the great English country houses, the setting of several of her novels.

Typical Objects

Goose quill and inkwell

Jane Austen wrote with a hand-cut goose quill on small sheets of paper. These modest tools were the instruments of all her literary creation, which she practised discreetly in the family drawing room.

Fold-top writing desk (escritoire)

Her small portable fold-top writing desk, now preserved at Jane Austen's House in Chawton, served as her workspace. It could be quickly closed to conceal her manuscripts from visitors.

Pianoforte

Jane Austen played the pianoforte every morning, an instrument highly prized in middle-class English households of the time. Female musical practice was a mark of good breeding, a theme she explores throughout her novels.

Embroidery and needlework

Like all women of her social circle, Jane Austen regularly embroidered and sewed. These manual activities filled long family evenings and inspired her famous metaphor of 'two inches of ivory' to describe her art.

Dance card and white gloves

Local balls were major social events in Georgian England, and Jane Austen attended them regularly. These objects symbolise the social world she portrays with irony in her novels.

Wax-sealed letter

Letters were the primary means of communication between loved ones; Jane Austen wrote hundreds to her sister Cassandra. Correspondence is also a central narrative device in her novels, revealing characters and secrets.

School Curriculum

LycéeAnglaisLittérature anglaise: du romantisme à la fiction réaliste
LycéeAnglaisAnalyse du roman d'amour et de société
LycéeAnglaisCritique des conventions sociales par la littérature
LycéeAnglaisÉtude de la condition féminine au XIXe siècle
LycéeAnglaisTechniques narratives: ironie et point de vue

Vocabulary & Tags

Key Vocabulary

ironysocial satireheroineprejudicesocial conventionproprietymarriage of conveniencebildungsroman

Tags

Mouvement

Jane Austenironiesatire socialehéroïnepréjugéconvention socialebienséancemariage de raisonbildungsromanFin du XVIIIe siècle et début du XIXe siècle

Daily Life

Morning

Jane Austen rose early and played the pianoforte before the rest of the family was awake, cherishing these moments of solitude. She then had breakfast with the family — tea, toast, butter — before quietly devoting herself to writing in the sitting room.

Afternoon

Afternoons were spent visiting neighbours, walking through the surrounding countryside, and attending to domestic tasks such as sewing or embroidery. Jane Austen also helped her mother manage the household and tend the kitchen garden.

Evening

Family evenings were enlivened by reading aloud, card games or backgammon, and sometimes music. When a ball was taking place nearby, the whole family would travel there by carriage; these events were the great social outings of the English countryside.

Food

The diet was that of the modest English gentry: roasted meats, vegetables from the garden, pies and puddings, local cheeses. Tea was an indispensable daily ritual, and Jane regularly mentioned in her letters the dishes served at family dinners.

Clothing

Jane Austen wore high-waisted Empire-style gowns, made of light muslin or printed cotton depending on the season. She wore bonnets outdoors, lace fichus over her shoulders, and white gloves for balls and formal visits.

Housing

Jane Austen lived in modest but comfortable homes: the rectory at Steventon, a house in Bath, then the cottage at Chawton provided by her brother. These multi-room country houses, with a drawing room, dining room, and gardens, matched the lifestyle of the minor English gentry.

Historical Timeline

1775Naissance de Jane Austen à Steventon (Hampshire, Angleterre), septième enfant d'un pasteur anglican.
1789Début de la Révolution française : bouleversements politiques qui influencent la société anglaise et alimentent les craintes d'instabilité.
1793Exécution de Louis XVI et de Marie-Antoinette ; la France entre en guerre contre la Grande-Bretagne.
1797Premier Impressions (futur Orgueil et Préjugés) est refusé par l'éditeur Cadell sans lecture préalable.
1800Le père de Jane Austen décide de prendre sa retraite à Bath ; la famille quitte Steventon, ce qui affecte profondément Jane.
1805Mort du révérend George Austen, père de Jane, laissant la famille dans une situation financière précaire.
1806Jane Austen, sa mère et sa sœur Cassandra s'installent à Southampton, puis à Chawton en 1809.
1811Publication de Sense and Sensibility (Raison et Sentiments), premier roman publié de Jane Austen, « By a Lady ».
1812Guerre anglo-américaine (1812-1815) ; la domination navale britannique est au cœur des discussions sociales.
1813Publication d'Orgueil et Préjugés, succès immédiat auprès du public londonien.
1814Publication de Mansfield Park ; chute de Napoléon et premier exil à l'île d'Elbe.
1815Publication d'Emma ; bataille de Waterloo mettant fin aux guerres napoléoniennes.
1817Mort de Jane Austen à Winchester à 41 ans, probablement de la maladie d'Addison. Northanger Abbey et Persuasion sont publiés posthumément la même année.

Period Vocabulary

GentryEnglish social class of wealthy landowners, below the titled nobility. Jane Austen belonged to this class and made it the primary subject of her novels.
EntailEnglish legal arrangement requiring that a property be passed to the nearest male heir, excluding daughters. This mechanism creates the central plot of Pride and Prejudice, with the Longbourn estate destined to pass to Mr Collins.
RegencyPeriod from 1811 to 1820 during which Prince George served as regent in place of his father George III, deemed unfit to rule. The Regency era is associated with the elegance, refinement, and manners that Austen depicts.
Coming outThe moment when a young woman was officially presented to society, typically at her first ball. This event marked the beginning of her search for a suitable husband.
AccomplishmentsThe set of skills expected of a well-educated young woman: music, drawing, dancing, languages, embroidery. Jane Austen refers to them with irony in her novels, notably through Miss Bingley in Pride and Prejudice.
LivingAn Anglican clerical post that came with an income and housing, granted by the local landowner. Securing a living was a respectable way for a young man of no fortune to ensure his livelihood, as with Mr Collins in Pride and Prejudice.
Card partyA social gathering organised around card games such as whist or quadrille. These evenings were important social occasions for the middle classes and the gentry, regularly mentioned throughout Austen's work.
MilitiaA body of locally raised soldiers, quartered in provincial towns in times of war. The presence of militia officers in villages was a source of romantic excitement, as shown by Wickham's arrival in Pride and Prejudice.

Gallery


The "Rice Portrait"

The "Rice Portrait"

Jane-Austen-portrait-victorian-engraving

Jane-Austen-portrait-victorian-engraving


The Rice portraitlabel QS:Len,"The Rice portrait"label QS:Lml,"ദ റൈസ് പോർട്രെയ്റ്റ്"

The Rice portraitlabel QS:Len,"The Rice portrait"label QS:Lml,"ദ റൈസ് പോർട്രെയ്റ്റ്"

Portrait of George Stubbs (1777) - Ozias Humphry (1742-1810) (30290347017)

Portrait of George Stubbs (1777) - Ozias Humphry (1742-1810) (30290347017)

Portrait of Jane Bertie, daughter of the 2nd Duke of Ancaster (by George Knapton)

Portrait of Jane Bertie, daughter of the 2nd Duke of Ancaster (by George Knapton)

Pickering - Greatbatch - Jane Austen - Pride and Prejudice - She then told him what Mr. Darcy had voluntarily done for Lydia

Pickering - Greatbatch - Jane Austen - Pride and Prejudice - She then told him what Mr. Darcy had voluntarily done for Lydia

Jane Austen, from A Memoir of Jane Austen (1870)

Jane Austen, from A Memoir of Jane Austen (1870)

CassandraAusten-JaneAusten(c.1810) hires

CassandraAusten-JaneAusten(c.1810) hires

Rosa 'Mr. Darcy' (actm) 01

Rosa 'Mr. Darcy' (actm) 01

Jane Austen statue, Basingstoke

Jane Austen statue, Basingstoke

Visual Style

Le style visuel de l'univers d'Austen est celui de l'Angleterre georgienne et régence : intérieurs sobres et élégants, lumière douce, campagne verdoyante du Hampshire, costumes Empire en mousseline blanche et pastel.

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AI Prompt
Georgian England, early 19th century, soft watercolour aesthetic, warm candlelight interiors with tall sash windows and white wainscoting, rolling Hampshire countryside under pale overcast skies, women in high-waisted Empire-line muslin gowns in white and soft pastels, men in dark tailcoats and cravats, intimate domestic scenes of letter-writing and embroidery, formal ballroom scenes with chandeliers and candelabras, muted greens and creams, detailed botanical illustrations on wallpaper, restrained Regency elegance without excess.

Sound Ambience

L'ambiance sonore de Jane Austen mêle la douceur feutrée d'un intérieur géorgien — piano, feu de cheminée, plume sur papier — aux sons de la campagne anglaise et de la vie familiale quotidienne.

AI Prompt
Gentle piano-forte melody in a Georgian English country parlour, quill scratching softly on paper, fire crackling in a modest hearth, distant hooves and carriage wheels on a cobblestone village lane, birdsong through an open sash window in a Hampshire garden, quiet murmur of family conversation, the rustle of muslin dresses, a church bell tolling in the distance, light rain against glass panes, pages turning in a leather-bound book, teacups clinking on saucers during afternoon tea.

Portrait Source

Wikimedia Commons — domaine public — Cassandra Austen — 1810