Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo

354 — 430

Rome antique

LiteratureSpiritualityPhilosophyPhilosopheAntiquityLate Roman Empire, Christianization of the Empire

Christian theologian and philosopher of the 4th century, bishop of Hippo in North Africa. Author of the Confessions and The City of God, he is one of the most influential Latin Fathers of the Church in the history of Christianity.

Famous Quotes

« Our heart is restless until it finds its rest in you. »
« You have made us for yourself, O Lord, and our heart is restless until it rests in you. »
« Love, and do what you will. »

Key Facts

  • 354: Born in Thagaste (present-day Algeria)
  • 386: Converts to Christianity after a long intellectual quest
  • 396: Becomes bishop of Hippo
  • 397–400: Writes the Confessions, the first spiritual autobiography in the Western world
  • 430: Dies in Hippo during the Vandal siege

Works & Achievements

Confessions (Confessiones) (397-400)

An autobiographical account in thirteen books tracing Augustine's spiritual journey from birth to conversion. Considered the first great autobiographical text in Western literature, it is still read and studied worldwide today.

The City of God (De civitate Dei) (413-426)

A vast apologetic work in twenty-two books written in response to the sack of Rome in 410. Augustine develops a theology of history contrasting the earthly city, founded on self-love, with the heavenly city, founded on the love of God; this text laid the foundations of medieval political thought.

On the Trinity (De Trinitate) (399-419)

A theological treatise in fifteen books on the mystery of the Christian Trinity, which seeks to find its traces in the structure of the human soul. A landmark work of Latin theology, it profoundly influenced medieval scholasticism.

Expositions of the Psalms (Enarrationes in Psalmos) (392-422)

The most voluminous of Augustine's works, composed of sermons and commentaries on each of the 150 biblical Psalms. It reveals his method of allegorical interpretation of Scripture and his deep piety.

On Christian Doctrine (De doctrina christiana) (396-426)

A handbook of biblical hermeneutics and Christian rhetoric defining how to interpret and communicate the Scriptures. This foundational text established the rules of preaching and exegesis for the entire Middle Ages.

Reconsiderations (Retractationes) (426-427)

A critical review of his entire written output, in which Augustine revisits his texts to correct errors or refine positions. A unique document from Antiquity, it testifies to his commitment to intellectual rigor until the very end of his life.

Anecdotes

Before his conversion, Augustine led a dissolute life and kept a concubine for fifteen years, with whom he had a son, Adeodatus. In his Confessions, he recounts having prayed: "Lord, grant me chastity and continence, but not yet." This line reveals with humor and honesty his inner struggle between desire and faith.

Augustine was first drawn to Manichaeism, a dualistic religion that opposed good and evil as two equal forces. He adhered to it for nine years before uncovering its intellectual contradictions through a debate with the Manichaean bishop Faustus of Milevis, whose poor arguments left him deeply disappointed.

His definitive conversion took place in 386, in a garden in Milan, when he heard a child's voice repeating "Tolle, lege" (take up and read). He opened Paul's epistles at random and was struck by the passage he read. He was baptized the following year by Ambrose of Milan during the Easter Vigil of 387.

When Alaric's Visigoths sacked Rome in 410, many blamed Christians for having weakened the Empire by abandoning the ancient gods. Augustine responded by writing The City of God, a monumental work in twenty-two books refuting this charge and proposing a new vision of human history grounded in divine Providence.

Augustine died in August 430 as the Vandals were besieging Hippo. He was seventy-five years old and had led his diocese for thirty-four years. According to his biographer Possidius, he had the penitential psalms written on the walls of his room so he could read them until his final moments, weeping continuously.

Primary Sources

Confessions (397-400)
Our heart is restless, until it repose in Thee. Thou madest us for Thyself, and our heart is restless, until it repose in Thee.
The City of God (De civitate Dei) (413-426)
Two cities have been formed by two loves: the earthly by the love of self, even to the contempt of God; the heavenly by the love of God, even to the contempt of self.
On the Trinity (De Trinitate) (399-419)
For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face. Now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known.
Sermon 169 (On Grace) (c. 416)
What you cannot do, confess it; what you can do, accomplish it. What you do not yet have, ask for it. For without me you can do nothing.
Letter to Proba (Epistula 130) (412)
It is for this reason that we pray — so that our desire may be exercised and expanded, that it may be capable of receiving what we are being prepared to obtain.

Key Places

Thagaste (Souk Ahras, Algeria)

Augustine's hometown in Numidia, a Roman province in North Africa. He was born there in 354, received his early education, and founded a monastic community upon his return from Italy in 388.

Carthage (Tunis, Tunisia)

The intellectual and religious capital of Roman Africa, where Augustine studied rhetoric from 370 to 383. He also taught there and took part in the great conference of 411 that condemned Donatism.

Milan (Italy)

Capital of the Western Roman Empire in the 4th century, where Augustine secured a chair of rhetoric in 384. It was in Milan that he met Ambrose, converted in a garden in 386, and was baptized in 387.

Hippo (Annaba, Algeria)

A coastal city in Numidia where Augustine was ordained a priest in 391 and then bishop in 396. He led his diocese there for thirty-four years, wrote the bulk of his work, and died there in 430 during the Vandal siege.

Ostia (Italy)

The port of Rome where Augustine's mother, Monica, died in 387, shortly after his baptism. He lived there with her and shared a celebrated mystical experience he describes in the Confessions: a joint contemplation by a window, known as the 'Vision of Ostia'.

Gallery

Augustine Lateran

Augustine Lateran

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Unknown authorUnknown author

Triunfo del Sacramento - Francisco de Herrera el Mozo

Triunfo del Sacramento - Francisco de Herrera el Mozo

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Francisco Herrera the Younger

San Agustín obispo, escultura en madera (MIB) 02

San Agustín obispo, escultura en madera (MIB) 02

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Luis Alvaz

San Agustín obispo, escultura en madera (MIB) 01

San Agustín obispo, escultura en madera (MIB) 01

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Luis Alvaz

San Agustín obispo, escultura en madera (MIB) 03

San Agustín obispo, escultura en madera (MIB) 03

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Luis Alvaz

Münster, St.-Lamberti-Kirche, Westportal -- 2017 -- 9787

Münster, St.-Lamberti-Kirche, Westportal -- 2017 -- 9787

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Dietmar Rabich

Xanten Dom statue Saint Augustine

Xanten Dom statue Saint Augustine

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Ad Meskens You are free to use this picture for any purpose as long as you credit its author, Ad Meskens. Example:

San Agustín, Pedro Roldán

San Agustín, Pedro Roldán

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Jl FilpoC

Colmar - Unterlinden Museum - The Isenheim Altarpiece 1512-16 by Nikolaus Haguenauer (1445-1538) - Saint Augustine and Guy Guers, Saint Anthony, Two Bearers of Offerings, Saint Jerome, Christ and the

Colmar - Unterlinden Museum - The Isenheim Altarpiece 1512-16 by Nikolaus Haguenauer (1445-1538) - Saint Augustine and Guy Guers, Saint Anthony, Two Bearers of Offerings, Saint Jerome, Christ and the

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Txllxt TxllxT

Colmar - Unterlinden Museum - The Isenheim Altarpiece 1512-16 by Nikolaus Haguenauer (1445-1538) - Saint Augustine and Guy Guers, Saint Anthony, Two Bearers of Offerings, Saint Jerome, Christ and the

Colmar - Unterlinden Museum - The Isenheim Altarpiece 1512-16 by Nikolaus Haguenauer (1445-1538) - Saint Augustine and Guy Guers, Saint Anthony, Two Bearers of Offerings, Saint Jerome, Christ and the

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Txllxt TxllxT

See also