Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin

1706 — 1790

États-Unis, Amérique britannique

LiteraturePoliticsEarly Modern18th century — Enlightenment and Atlantic Revolutions

An 18th-century American statesman, scientist, and writer, Benjamin Franklin is one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. The inventor of the lightning rod, he contributed to drafting the Declaration of Independence and negotiated the Franco-American alliance.

Famous Quotes

« An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. »
« In this world, nothing is certain except death and taxes. »
« Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn. »

Key Facts

  • 1706: born in Boston into a modest artisan family
  • 1752: kite experiment demonstrating the electrical nature of lightning, leading to the invention of the lightning rod
  • 1776: participated in drafting the United States Declaration of Independence
  • 1778: negotiated the Franco-American Treaty of Alliance in Paris, decisive for the American victory
  • 1787: participated in the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution

Works & Achievements

Poor Richard's Almanack (1732-1758)

An annual almanac published under the pseudonym 'Richard Saunders', famous for its moral and practical maxims. Distributed at 10,000 copies per year, it made Franklin's fortune and spread his ideas throughout the colonies.

Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1751)

A collection of his scientific discoveries on electricity, translated into French, German, and Latin. This work earned him an international reputation and his election to the Royal Society of London.

United States Declaration of Independence (co-drafting) (1776)

Franklin was one of the five members of the committee tasked with drafting the Declaration, alongside Thomas Jefferson. His contribution helped refine the founding text of American democracy.

Franco-American Treaty of Alliance (1778)

A major diplomatic agreement he negotiated with Minister Vergennes, committing France to the side of the United States against Great Britain. This alliance proved decisive in securing the American victory in the War of Independence.

Memoirs (Autobiography) (1771-1790)

An unfinished autobiographical account tracing his rise from the son of a craftsman to a statesman of universal renown. Considered the first great narrative of the 'American Dream', it is still studied in high schools around the world.

United States Constitution (participant) (1787)

Franklin, at 81, was the oldest signatory of the American Constitution. His final speech at the Convention in favor of unanimous adoption was pivotal in overcoming the last remaining resistance.

Anecdotes

In 1752, Benjamin Franklin conducted his famous kite experiment during a thunderstorm in Philadelphia. By attaching a metal key to his kite's string, he proved that lightning was electrical in nature, paving the way for the invention of the lightning rod.

Franklin was an avid chess player and became one of the first known players in North America. In 1786, he wrote 'The Morals of Chess', an essay arguing that chess teaches foresight, circumspection, and perseverance — virtues useful to any statesman.

During his time in Paris as ambassador (1778–1785), Franklin became a celebrity in high society. Parisians were captivated by him: portraits, medallions, and even hats 'à la Franklin' were sold throughout the city. Voltaire himself embraced him publicly at the Académie des sciences in 1778.

Franklin was one of the few Founding Fathers to have signed all four of the United States' founding documents: the Declaration of Independence (1776), the Treaty of Alliance with France (1778), the Treaty of Paris (1783), and the U.S. Constitution (1787) — a testament to his remarkable political longevity.

The son of a candlemaker and entirely self-taught, Franklin left school at age ten but never stopped learning. He taught himself French, Spanish, Italian, and Latin, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London and a member of the Académie royale des sciences in Paris.

Primary Sources

Memoirs of My Life (Autobiography) (1771-1790)
Having emerged from the poverty and obscurity in which I was born and bred, to a state of affluence and some degree of reputation in the world, and having gone so far through life with a considerable share of felicity...
Letter to Peter Collinson on the Kite Experiment (1752)
Make a small cross of two light strips of cedar... To the top of the upright stick of the cross is to be fixed a very sharp pointed wire, rising a foot or more above the wood.
Poor Richard's Almanack (1732-1758)
Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. — Lost time is never found again.
Letter to Madame Brillon de Jouy (1779)
You are so kind that you have decided I deserve paradise. In that case, we shall meet in that happy world and love one another still.
Speech at the Constitutional Convention of Philadelphia (1787)
I confess that there are several parts of this constitution which I do not at present approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them... I doubt too whether any other Convention we could obtain, may be able to make a better Constitution.

Key Places

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

The city where Franklin settled at age 17 and built his entire professional life. Philadelphia was the center of his activities as a printer, scientist, and statesman, and it is where he died in 1790.

Hôtel de Valentinois, Passy (Paris)

Franklin's residence during his years as American ambassador to France (1778–1785). It was from Passy that he conducted the crucial diplomatic negotiations for the Franco-American alliance and the Treaty of Paris.

Boston, Massachusetts

Franklin's birthplace, where he was born in 1706 and gained his first experience in printing at his brother James's shop. Boston represents his humble origins and his rise through hard work and the pursuit of knowledge.

Independence Hall, Philadelphia

The building where the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776 and where the Constitutional Convention was held in 1787. Franklin played a central role there in shaping the foundations of American institutions.

Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris

The learned institution where Franklin was elected a foreign associate member and where he presented his work on electricity. It was in its halls that he met Voltaire and the greatest philosophers of the Enlightenment.

Gallery


Portrait of Benjamin Franklin

Portrait of Benjamin Franklin

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — David Martin

Portrait of Yarrow Mamout (Muhammad Yaro)

Portrait of Yarrow Mamout (Muhammad Yaro)

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Charles Willson Peale


Benjamin Franklintitle QS:P1476,en:"Benjamin Franklin"label QS:Len,"Benjamin Franklin"

Benjamin Franklintitle QS:P1476,en:"Benjamin Franklin"label QS:Len,"Benjamin Franklin"

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Joseph-Siffred Duplessis


Plaque Portrait of Benjamin Franklin

Plaque Portrait of Benjamin Franklin

Wikimedia Commons, CC0 — Jacques Thouron


Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), after a Painting by Greuze of 1777 title QS:P1476,en:"Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), after a Painting by Greuze of 1777 "label QS:Len,"Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), af

Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), after a Painting by Greuze of 1777 title QS:P1476,en:"Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), after a Painting by Greuze of 1777 "label QS:Len,"Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), af

Wikimedia Commons, CC0 — Charles Paul Jérôme de Bréa / After Jean-Baptiste Greuze

Statue of young Benjamin Franklin with kite - by Carl Rohl-Smith - 1893

Statue of young Benjamin Franklin with kite - by Carl Rohl-Smith - 1893

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Carl Rohl-Smith via frontispiece, Engineering Magazine. 2:6 (March 1892).


The history of American sculpture

The history of American sculpture

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Taft, Lorado, 1860-1936

Benjamin Franklin Sculpture in Lincoln Park, Chicago October 2013-5073 (cropped)

Benjamin Franklin Sculpture in Lincoln Park, Chicago October 2013-5073 (cropped)

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 — Victorgrigas

Pennsylvania Hospital Historical Marker Pine St between 8th and 9th Sts Philadelphia PA (DSC 3403)

Pennsylvania Hospital Historical Marker Pine St between 8th and 9th Sts Philadelphia PA (DSC 3403)

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Nick-philly

Meriwether Lewis Historical Marker 1900 Benjamin Franklin Pkwy Philadelphia PA (DSC 3242)

Meriwether Lewis Historical Marker 1900 Benjamin Franklin Pkwy Philadelphia PA (DSC 3242)

Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 — Nick-philly

See also