Portrait de Fontenelle

Fontenelle

Fontenelle

1657 — 1757

royaume de France

LiteratureSciencesÉcrivain(e)ScientifiquePhilosopheEarly Modern17th–18th centuries (1657–1757)

A French writer and scholar of the 17th–18th century, Fontenelle popularized science for the general public. Known for his Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds and his role as perpetual secretary of the Académie des sciences, he embodies the spirit of the Enlightenment.

Émotions disponibles (6)

N

Neutre

par défaut

I

Inspiré

P

Pensif

S

Surpris

T

Triste

F

Fier

Famous Quotes

« I want you to love the sciences and find them more entertaining than comedies. »
« Incredulity is the foundation of true faith. »

Key Facts

  • Publication of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds in 1686, a landmark work of popular science writing
  • Perpetual Secretary of the Académie des sciences in Paris from 1697 to 1740
  • Promotion of Copernicus's heliocentric theory to the educated public of the 17th century
  • Author of historical eulogies for deceased academicians, shaping the genre of academic discourse
  • Engagement with Enlightenment ideals: rationalism, critique of religious dogmatism, confidence in reason

Works & Achievements

Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)

A masterpiece of scientific popularization in which Fontenelle explains the Copernican system through elegant dialogues with a marchioness. The work was enormously successful and was translated throughout Europe.

History of Oracles (1687)

A rationalist essay inspired by a work by the Dutchman Van Dale, in which Fontenelle dismantles the superstitions surrounding ancient oracles by applying critical method.

Digression on the Ancients and the Moderns (1688)

A major text in the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns, in which Fontenelle defends the idea of progress and argues that the Moderns can surpass the Ancients through the accumulation of knowledge.

Eulogies of Academicians (1708-1740)

A series of biographical and scientific notices written by Fontenelle as perpetual secretary of the Académie des sciences. These eulogies form a unique panorama of European science of the era.

On the Origin of Fables (1724)

An essay in which Fontenelle analyzes the birth of myths and beliefs as products of human ignorance, foreshadowing the anthropology of the Enlightenment.

Elements of the Geometry of the Infinite (1727)

An ambitious work in which Fontenelle attempts to provide a mathematical foundation for infinitesimal calculus, attesting to his commitment to the exact sciences.

Anecdotes

Fontenelle is famous for his exceptional longevity: he lived nearly one hundred years, from 1657 to 1757, spanning the reign of Louis XIV and a large part of that of Louis XV. At his death, he was just one month short of reaching his hundredth birthday.

It is said that one day, a lady asked him the difference between herself and a clock. Fontenelle replied gallantly: "Madam, a clock marks the hours, and you, you make them forgotten." This witticism illustrates the worldly and witty character of the man, greatly appreciated in Parisian salons.

Fontenelle was the nephew of the great playwright Pierre Corneille through his mother. He thus grew up in a stimulating literary environment, which profoundly influenced his vocation as a writer and popularizer of knowledge.

When asked the secret of his longevity, Fontenelle often replied with humor that he had never chased after women or honors, and that he ate strawberries. He also attributed his good health to his moderation in all things and to his calm temperament.

Fontenelle held the position of permanent secretary of the Académie royale des sciences for forty-two years, from 1697 to 1740. There he wrote the obituary tributes of numerous scholars, thereby helping to bring their work to the attention of the educated general public.

Primary Sources

Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)
I want to tell you that all of philosophy is founded on just two things: on having a curious mind and poor eyesight; for if your eyes were better than they are, you would easily see whether the stars are suns.
History of Oracles (1687)
Let us make sure of the fact before troubling ourselves about the cause. It is true that this method is very slow for most people, who naturally run to the cause and skip over the truth of the fact.
Digression on the Ancients and the Moderns (1688)
The whole question of the pre-eminence between the Ancients and the Moderns, once properly understood, comes down to knowing whether the trees that once grew in our countryside were larger than those of today.
Eulogy of Mr. Newton (1727)
Newton left behind a great legacy of glory, and on this subject a kind of dispute arose between the English and the Germans, not unlike the one in which seven cities of Greece competed over the birthplace of Homer.

Key Places

Rouen

Fontenelle's birthplace, where he grew up in the circle of his uncle Pierre Corneille and received his early education from the Jesuits.

Académie royale des sciences, Paris

Institution where Fontenelle served as perpetual secretary for 42 years, writing eulogies of scholars and reports on scientific discoveries.

Parisian salons of the Marais and Faubourg Saint-Germain

Social venues where Fontenelle shone through his wit and disseminated scientific ideas to a cultivated audience, most notably the salon of Madame de Lambert.

Palais du Louvre, Paris

Seat of the Académie française, where Fontenelle was elected in 1691, and the meeting place of its academicians.

Rue Saint-Honoré, Paris

Neighbourhood where Fontenelle resided for much of his Parisian life, in close proximity to academic institutions and salons.

Typical Objects

Astronomical telescope

Sky observation instrument that Fontenelle evokes in his Conversations to explain the plurality of worlds to the general public.

Quill pen and inkwell

Fontenelle's everyday writing tools, with which he composed hundreds of academic eulogies and popular science works.

Celestial globe

Scholar's cabinet object representing the constellations, a symbol of Fontenelle's passion for astronomy and cosmology.

Records of the Académie des sciences

Official volumes in which Fontenelle recorded the work and discoveries of scholars in his role as perpetual secretary.

Snuffbox

Small elegant object widely used in 18th-century salons, which Fontenelle, a man of the world, readily carried with him.

Opera glasses

Accessory of Parisian social life, used in the salons that Fontenelle frequented assiduously.

School Curriculum

LycéeFrançaisLa littérature française du XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles
LycéeFrançaisLa vulgarisation scientifique et la transmission du savoir
LycéeFrançaisLes Lumières et l'évolution de la pensée philosophique
LycéeFrançaisLa relation entre sciences et littérature au XVIIe siècle
LycéeFrançaisL'astronomie moderne et la représentation de l'univers
LycéeFrançaisL'éloge et le discours académique

Vocabulary & Tags

Key Vocabulary

popular scienceheliocentrismAcadémie des sciencesEnlightenmentrationalismplurality of worldsacademic discourseeulogy

Tags

Époque

Fontenellerevolution-scientifiqueRévolution scientifiquevulgarisation scientifiquehéliocentrismeAcadémie des sciencesrationalismepluralité des mondesdiscours académiqueélogeXVIIe-XVIIIe siècles (1657-1757)

Daily Life

Morning

Fontenelle rose late, like many men of letters of his time. He had a frugal breakfast, often a broth or hot chocolate, then devoted his mornings to reading scientific memoirs and drafting his academic eulogies.

Afternoon

In the afternoon, Fontenelle frequently attended sessions at the Académie des sciences or the Académie française. He also spent time corresponding with European scholars and receiving visitors in his study.

Evening

In the evening, Fontenelle was a regular presence in Parisian salons, notably that of Madame de Lambert and later Madame de Tencin. He shone there with his witticisms and spread the latest scientific discoveries in an accessible and elegant manner.

Food

Fontenelle ate with great moderation, which he considered a secret to longevity. He was particularly fond of strawberries and asparagus, and drank little wine. His simple and temperate diet was remarked upon by his contemporaries.

Clothing

Fontenelle wore the characteristic dress of an 18th-century gentleman: a justaucorps of silk or fine cloth, embroidered waistcoat, breeches, silk stockings, and a powdered wig. His attire was neat but without excessive ostentation, reflecting his standing as an academician.

Housing

Fontenelle spent most of his life in Paris, in comfortable apartments in the central districts. His lodgings contained a study lined with books, manuscripts, and scientific instruments, reflecting his dual literary and scholarly vocation.

Historical Timeline

1657Naissance de Fontenelle à Rouen, neveu de Pierre Corneille.
1674Fontenelle commence à fréquenter les salons littéraires parisiens.
1686Publication des Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes, ouvrage majeur de vulgarisation scientifique.
1687Publication de l'Histoire des oracles, critique rationaliste des superstitions. Début de la Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes.
1688Publication de la Digression sur les Anciens et les Modernes, où Fontenelle prend parti pour les Modernes.
1691Élection de Fontenelle à l'Académie française.
1697Fontenelle devient secrétaire perpétuel de l'Académie royale des sciences.
1699Réforme de l'Académie des sciences par Louis XIV ; Fontenelle rédige la nouvelle Histoire de l'Académie.
1715Mort de Louis XIV et début de la Régence. Fontenelle continue son travail académique sous le nouveau régime.
1727Fontenelle rédige l'Éloge de Newton pour l'Académie des sciences.
1740Fontenelle se retire de son poste de secrétaire perpétuel après 42 ans de service.
1751Publication des premiers volumes de l'Encyclopédie de Diderot et d'Alembert, héritière de l'esprit de vulgarisation de Fontenelle.
1757Mort de Fontenelle à Paris, à l'âge de 99 ans et 11 mois.

Period Vocabulary

Bel espritA cultivated and witty person, capable of shining in salon conversation through their knowledge and eloquence.
Natural philosopherA term used to designate a scientist before the word 'scientist' existed. Fontenelle interacted with many of them at the Academy.
Perpetual SecretaryA permanent position within an academy, responsible for writing up the minutes of sessions and eulogies for deceased members.
Quarrel of the Ancients and the ModernsA major intellectual debate of the late 17th century pitting those who admired Antiquity against those who believed in the progress of modern knowledge.
GazetteA printed newspaper disseminating political, literary, and scientific news. Gazettes contributed to the circulation of ideas in Fontenelle's time.
RuellesName given to literary salons held by women of quality, where literature, science, and philosophy were discussed.
ÉlogeA speech or text paying tribute to a deceased person, a literary genre that Fontenelle perfected at the Académie des sciences.
VorticesDescartes's physical theory explaining the movement of planets through vortices of subtle matter, which Fontenelle defended against Newton's theory of gravitation.
Cabinet of curiositiesA room or piece of furniture housing rare, natural, or scientific objects, highly fashionable among scholars and enlightened enthusiasts of the 17th–18th centuries.
GalantA qualifier denoting an elegant, refined, and pleasing style, both in manners and in writing. Fontenelle embodied the ideal of galant learning.

Gallery


Portrait of Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle

Portrait of Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle


French:  Portrait de la duchesse du Mainelabel QS:Lfr,"Portrait de la duchesse du Maine"

French: Portrait de la duchesse du Mainelabel QS:Lfr,"Portrait de la duchesse du Maine"

Portrait présumé de la comtesse de Fontenelle et d'un enfant africain

Portrait présumé de la comtesse de Fontenelle et d'un enfant africain


Portrait of Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657-1757) label QS:Lfr,"Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657-1757)"

Portrait of Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657-1757) label QS:Lfr,"Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657-1757)"

Atelier de Largillière - Louise Bénedicte de Bourbon, duchesse du Maine

Atelier de Largillière - Louise Bénedicte de Bourbon, duchesse du Maine

2012-01-22 17-02-39-autruche-riv

2012-01-22 17-02-39-autruche-riv


Catalogue historique du cabinet de peinture et sculpture françoise

Catalogue historique du cabinet de peinture et sculpture françoise


Inscriptions en vers du Musée d'Aix : suivies d'un appendice sur une statue antique récemment découverte aux environs de cette ville

Inscriptions en vers du Musée d'Aix : suivies d'un appendice sur une statue antique récemment découverte aux environs de cette ville


Les arts et leur technique : comment on fait: un tableau, une statue, une maison, une composition musicale, un livre, etc.

Les arts et leur technique : comment on fait: un tableau, une statue, une maison, une composition musicale, un livre, etc.

Lille 1 rue fontenelle

Lille 1 rue fontenelle

Visual Style

Style visuel inspiré de la Régence et du début du règne de Louis XV, mêlant élégance des salons dorés, instruments scientifiques et lumière tamisée de chandelles.

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AI Prompt
Elegant French Regency and early Louis XV aesthetic, soft candlelight illuminating wood-paneled salons with gilded boiseries, warm amber and cream tones, scholarly gentleman in a long powdered wig and silk justaucorps, astronomical instruments and leather-bound books on polished tables, delicate rocaille ornaments beginning to appear, Watteau-inspired pastoral softness mixed with scientific precision, globe and celestial charts, quill and ink, gentle chiaroscuro reminiscent of late Baroque portraiture, refined and intellectual atmosphere.

Sound Ambience

Ambiance feutrée d'un salon parisien du début du XVIIIe siècle, entre conversations savantes, musique de clavecin et bruissements d'étoffes précieuses.

AI Prompt
Ambient sounds of an early 18th-century Parisian salon: soft murmur of cultivated conversation in French, gentle rustling of silk dresses and brocade coats, the delicate clink of porcelain teacups on saucers, a harpsichord playing a Couperin air in the background, the crackle of a fireplace, quill pen scratching on parchment, occasional polite laughter, distant church bells from Saint-Germain, the creak of wooden floorboards, pages of a book being turned, and the faint sound of a carriage passing on cobblestones outside the window.

Portrait Source

Wikimedia Commons — CC BY-SA 4.0 — GO69 — 2021