Lepidus(89 av. J.-C. — 12 av. J.-C.)

Appointed by Caesar to the highest military office of deputy commander, Lepidus governed Rome and Italy during the dictator's African and Spanish campaigns, demonstrating his loyalty and administrative competence.

In command of several legions in southern Gaul and Spain, Lepidus maintained order in these strategic provinces and was hailed as imperator by his troops, consolidating the military power base that made him an indispensable partner.

Lepidus was co-founder of this board of three men charged with restoring the order of the Republic (tresviri rei publicae constituendae), an unprecedented institution that legally sanctioned the sharing of supreme power among three generals.

Together with Octavian and Antony, Lepidus signed the condemnation lists of hundreds of political opponents; this radical act, however morally questionable, destroyed republican opposition and financed the triumviral armies.

Lepidus administered proconsular Africa, Rome's breadbasket, securing vital grain supplies and provincial legitimacy, even as his influence within the triumvirate waned in the face of Octavian and Antony.

Appointed head of the Roman priestly college after Caesar's death, Lepidus held Rome's highest religious office for thirty-two years, overseeing cults, the calendar, and priestly discipline — long after his political disgrace.

The triumvirs published a proscription list targeting approximately one hundred and seventy senators and two thousand knights. Lepidus was tasked with posting the first lists in Rome while Octavian and Antony raised troops.

Lepidus, whose clemency and moderation we have often praised, now finds himself allied with the enemies of the Republic. May he yet return to reason before it is too late — for his sake as well as ours.

Lepidus, having attempted to seize Sicily after the defeat of Sextus, saw his soldiers defect to Caesar Octavian. He came to Octavian's camp dressed in a plain cloak and begged for mercy. Octavian spared his life but stripped him of all authority.

Lepidus, having attempted to seize Sicily, was abandoned by his soldiers and forced to submit. Augustus spared his life but confined him to permanent retirement, allowing him to keep only the title of pontifex maximus.

Lepidus, a man whose feebleness of character matched the distinction of his name, was expelled from the triumvirate by Octavian after the Sicilian War and spent the remainder of his long life in obscurity at Circeii.

The political and religious heart of Rome where Lepidus held his magistracies, attended Senate debates, and oversaw the posting of the proscription lists in 43 BC. This was the stage on which most of his public career played out.

Site of the secret meeting between Lepidus, Octavian, and Antony in October 43 BC, where the alliance of the Second Triumvirate was sealed before its official ratification in Rome.

The theater of war against Sextus Pompey in 36 BC, where Lepidus landed with fourteen legions and achieved early successes before the defection of his soldiers brought about his political downfall.

A coastal town in Latium where Lepidus was placed under house arrest after his disgrace in 36 BC. He spent the last thirty years of his life there — watched but spared — in permanent internal exile.

The province entrusted to Lepidus from 44 BC onward, which he governed with military and civil competence. This command earned him the title of *imperator* and strengthened his standing within the future triumvirate.