An 18th-century French chemist, Lavoisier is the founder of modern chemistry. He established the law of conservation of mass and identified oxygen, revolutionizing the understanding of chemical phenomena.

French writer, musician, and businessman (1732-1799), Beaumarchais is the author of The Barber of Seville and The Marriage of Figaro, two plays that revolutionized 18th-century comedy through their social criticism and complex plotting.

French lawyer and politician (1759–1794), Danton is a major figure of the French Revolution. Known for his eloquence and charisma, he played a key role in revolutionary events before being executed during the Terror.

Genevan philosopher, writer, and musician (1712–1778), a central figure of the Enlightenment. Author of The Social Contract and Confessions, he profoundly influenced political and educational thought by championing popular sovereignty and natural education.

King of France and Navarre from 1774 to 1791, then King of the French from 1791 to 1792. His reign was marked by the French Revolution, attempted reforms, and the abolition of the Ancien Régime. Arrested during the Flight to Varennes in 1791, he was tried and executed by guillotine on January 21, 1793.

Queen consort of France from 1774 to 1792, wife of Louis XVI. A symbol of the Ancien Régime and its excesses, she became deeply unpopular with the French people and came to embody the frivolity of the Versailles court. Accused of treason during the French Revolution, she was executed by guillotine in 1793.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was a French military leader and statesman who seized power in 1799 and proclaimed himself Emperor in 1804. He transformed France and Europe through his reforms and military campaigns, most notably by establishing the Civil Code, which modernized the French legal system.

French author, politician and pamphleteer (1748–1793), Olympe de Gouges campaigned for women's rights and the abolition of slavery during the French Revolution. She wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen in 1791, a founding document of feminism.

Avocat et homme politique français (1758-1794), Robespierre est une figure majeure de la Révolution française. Chef de file des Montagnards, il domine le Comité de salut public et incarne la Terreur avant d'être exécuté en 1794.

Esclave affranchi et chef militaire haïtien (1743-1803), Toussaint Louverture a dirigé la révolution haïtienne et aboli l'esclavage à Saint-Domingue. Figure emblématique de la lutte pour la liberté, il a transformé une colonie esclavagiste en première République noire indépendante.