Feminism

Agnodice is a legendary figure from ancient Greece, presented as the first female physician and gynecologist in Athens in the 4th century BCE. According to the account of the Latin author Hyginus, she disguised herself as a man in order to study medicine under Herophilus in Alexandria, and then to practice in Athens.

A major figure in Greek mythology, Clytemnestra is the wife of King Agamemnon of Mycenae. She murders him upon his return from the Trojan War to avenge the sacrifice of their daughter Iphigenia. She is the central character of Aeschylus's Oresteia (458 BCE).

Daughter of Scipio Africanus and wife of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Cornelia (c. 190–100 BC) is the model of the virtuous Roman matron. She raised her twelve children alone after being widowed, refusing a royal remarriage. She is famous for pointing to her sons Tiberius and Gaius as "her most precious jewels."

Ban Zhao (45-116) est la première grande femme lettrée de Chine, historienne et philosophe sous la dynastie Han orientaux. Elle achève les œuvres de son frère Ban Gu, notamment le Livre des Han. Son traité Leçons pour les femmes (Nüjie) influence profondément la pensée confucéenne sur le rôle féminin.

Greek mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher of the 4th–5th centuries, she taught in Alexandria and advanced the sciences of antiquity. An iconic figure of female scholarship, she was murdered in 415 during religious unrest.

Nefertiti was the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten, in the 14th century BC. She played an important role in the monotheistic religious reform of her era, promoting the cult of Aten, the sun god. Her idealized face, known through the famous bust, makes her one of the most depicted queens of Egypt.

Greek lyric poet of the 7th century BCE, from the island of Lesbos. Recognized as one of the greatest poets of ancient Greece, she composed intimate lyric poems expressing personal emotions, particularly about love and friendship. Her work, largely lost, has profoundly influenced Western literature.

Duchess of Aquitaine and Countess of Poitou, Eleanor of Aquitaine (1124–1204) was Queen of France through her marriage to Louis VII, then Queen of England after her union with Henry II Plantagenet. A towering figure of the Middle Ages, she wielded considerable political influence and was the mother of several kings of England.

A Muslim scholar and patron from Kairouan (present-day Tunisia), Fatima al-Fihri founded the al-Qarawiyyin mosque-university in Fez in 859, considered the oldest continuously operating university in the world. Born into a Berber-Arab family that emigrated to Morocco, she devoted her entire fortune to this institution of learning.

Mulan is a legendary figure from Chinese literature — a young woman said to have disguised herself as a man to take her father's place in the army. Her story, popularized by the Disney animated film, embodies the values of filial piety and courage.

A warrior goddess of Samoan mythology, Nafanua is a central figure of feminine power in Polynesia. According to the oral traditions of the Samoan people, she led armies to victory and contributed to the unification of the Samoan islands in the pre-colonial era.

Tomoe Gozen is one of the rare female samurai (onna-musha) in Japanese history. An exceptional warrior in the service of Minamoto no Yoshinaka, she distinguished herself during the Genpei War (1180–1185) through her mastery of the bow, the sword, and horsemanship.

A Hausa warrior queen of the kingdom of Zazzau (present-day Zaria, Nigeria), Amina reigned around the 16th century according to Hausa oral traditions. She greatly expanded her kingdom's territory through military conquest and is celebrated as a symbol of female power in Hausa collective memory.

Coya Pacsa was an Inca queen (coya), wife of the Inca Huayna Cápac, who ruled the Tawantinsuyu at the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th century. A figure of the highest Inca nobility, she embodies the power and political role of the great royal wives in Inca civilization on the eve of the Spanish conquest. Information about her comes primarily from Quechua oral tradition and Spanish colonial chronicles.

A Bolognese sculptor of the Renaissance (c. 1490–1530), Properzia de' Rossi is considered the first professional female sculptor in Europe. She is celebrated for her marble bas-reliefs and miniature sculptures carved on apricot pits.

A Parisian writer and salon hostess (1647–1733), she presided over one of the most influential literary salons of the Regency period, frequented by Fontenelle, Montesquieu, and Marivaux. A pioneer in thinking about women's education, she championed their access to intellectual life.

Italian painter

Astronome pionnière originaire de Hanovre, Caroline Herschel découvrit huit comètes et contribua à cartographier le ciel aux côtés de son frère William. Elle fut la première femme à recevoir la médaille d'or de la Royal Astronomical Society, en 1828.

Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (1755-1842) est l'une des plus grandes portraitistes du XVIIIe siècle. Peintre officielle de Marie-Antoinette, elle réalise plus de 660 portraits avant de fuir la Révolution française. Première femme admise à l'Académie royale de peinture, elle incarne l'excellence féminine dans un monde artistique dominé par les hommes.

Émilie du Châtelet (1706-1749) est une physicienne et mathématicienne française des Lumières. Elle traduit et commente les Principia Mathematica de Newton, œuvre qui reste la référence française jusqu'au XIXe siècle. Compagne de Voltaire, elle démontre que l'énergie cinétique est proportionnelle au carré de la vitesse.

French writer (1695-1758), pioneer of the epistolary novel in the 18th century. She is best known for her Letters from a Peruvian Woman, a major work of Enlightenment literature that critiques French society through the discerning gaze of an exotic heroine.

17th-century French writer and pioneer of the psychological novel. Author of The Princess of Clèves, a landmark work exploring the inner feelings and intimate conflicts of its characters. A prominent figure in the literary and cultural life of Louis XIV's court.

Germaine de Staël, fille du ministre Necker, fut l'une des grandes voix intellectuelles de son époque. Romancière, essayiste et salonnière, elle tint tête à Napoléon qui l'exila, et contribua à introduire le romantisme allemand en France avec son ouvrage De l'Allemagne.

Mary Wollstonecraft est une philosophe et écrivaine britannique du XVIIIe siècle, pionnière du féminisme. Son œuvre majeure, Défense des droits de la femme (1792), réclame l'égalité d'éducation et de droits civiques pour les femmes. Elle incarne la pensée des Lumières appliquée à la condition féminine.

Zulu princess (c. 1750–1843), influential aunt and advisor to King Shaka, and a major figure in Zulu oral tradition. Born among the Zulu people of southern Africa, she wielded considerable political power within the royal household, particularly during royal successions.

French author, politician and pamphleteer (1748–1793), Olympe de Gouges campaigned for women's rights and the abolition of slavery during the French Revolution. She wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen in 1791, a founding document of feminism.

A Pomeranian noblewoman born around 1590, Sidonie von Borcke was accused of witchcraft and sentenced to death. Beheaded in 1620 in Stettin, her trial illustrates the violence of persecutions against women in the early modern period.

Juana Inés de la Cruz was a Mexican poet and playwright of the 17th century, a towering figure of Hispanic Baroque literature. A self-taught nun in New Spain, she championed women's right to knowledge in a colonial society dominated by men.

British mathematician (1815-1852), pioneer of computing and programming. She wrote the first algorithm intended to be executed by a machine, working on Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine. Her legacy makes her a founding figure of theoretical computer science.

Japanese poet and novelist (1878–1942), a major figure in the revival of waka poetry during the Meiji era. A committed feminist, she advocated for women's emancipation and opposed Japanese militarist nationalism.

French explorer and writer (1868-1969), Alexandra David-Néel was the first Western woman to reach Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, in 1924. A passionate Orientalist, she devoted her life to exploring and studying Asian cultures, particularly Tibetan Buddhism.

A Russian Bolshevik revolutionary, Alexandra Kollontai was one of the first women in the world to hold a diplomatic post. A theorist of socialist feminism, she championed women's emancipation and freedom from traditional marriage.

A pioneering American aviator of the 20th century, Amelia Earhart made history in aviation by becoming the first woman to cross the Atlantic by plane in 1928. She disappeared in 1937 during an attempt to circumnavigate the globe along the equator, becoming a legendary figure in the history of aerial exploration.

British aristocrat (1792–1860), self-taught mathematician and philanthropist, she married the poet Lord Byron in 1815 before separating from him a year later. She went on to dedicate herself to popular education and social reform, and is the mother of Ada Lovelace, pioneer of computing.

Berthe Morisot (1841-1895) est l'une des figures majeures de l'impressionnisme français. Première femme à exposer avec le groupe impressionniste dès 1874, elle développe un style lumineux centré sur la vie intime, la maternité et les jardins. Belle-sœur d'Édouard Manet, elle s'impose comme une artiste à part entière dans un milieu dominé par les hommes.

Polish physician (1865-1939), elder sister of Marie Curie, she funded her sister's studies in Paris. A pioneer of women's medicine in Poland, she ran a clinic in Zakopane and campaigned for women's emancipation.

French sculptor and painter (1864–1943), she is one of the great artists of the late 19th century. A student and collaborator of Auguste Rodin, she developed her own artistic language before being gradually forgotten and committed to an asylum in 1913.

Charlotte Brontë est une romancière britannique du XIXe siècle, auteure de Jane Eyre (1847), chef-d'œuvre de la littérature victorienne. Fille de pasteur dans le Yorkshire, elle publie sous pseudonyme masculin (Currer Bell) pour se faire accepter dans le monde littéraire. Son œuvre explore avec force la condition féminine, l'indépendance et la passion.

British translator and businesswoman (1812–1895), celebrated for her English translation of the Mabinogion, a foundational collection of medieval Welsh myths and legends. She also managed the Dowlais ironworks in Wales, becoming one of the first women to run a major industrial enterprise.

Revolutionary French fashion designer (1883–1971), Coco Chanel transformed women's fashion by offering simple, comfortable, and elegant clothing. Founder of the eponymous fashion house, she established modern style and freedom of movement as the new standards of elegance.

French novelist, playwright, and journalist (1873–1954), Colette is a towering figure of twentieth-century French literature. A prolific author, she explores themes of sensibility, nature, and female freedom through poetic, sensory prose.

An Indonesian national heroine, Cut Nyak Dhien led armed resistance against Dutch occupation in the Aceh region (Sumatra) following the death of her husband. A symbol of Indonesian nationalism, she fought until her capture in 1905 despite serious illness.

American women's rights activist (1815–1902), she co-organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, the first major gathering for women's suffrage in the United States. Author of the Declaration of Sentiments, she devoted her life to the civic and political equality of women.

German mathematician (1882–1935) considered one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century. She revolutionized abstract algebra, and her landmark theorem established the deep connection between symmetries and conservation laws in physics.

Fanny Mendelssohn (1805-1847) est une compositrice et pianiste virtuose allemande, sœur de Felix Mendelssohn. Malgré un talent exceptionnel reconnu dès l'enfance, les conventions de l'époque l'ont longtemps empêchée de publier ses œuvres sous son propre nom. Elle a composé plus de 460 pièces, dont des lieder, de la musique de chambre et des pièces pour piano.

French journalist and feminist activist (1803–1844), Flora Tristan championed the emancipation of women and the condition of the working class in the 19th century. She was a pioneer of feminism and socialism, placing the question of women at the heart of political and social debate.

A French novelist of the 19th century, George Sand (1804-1876) was one of the most prolific and innovative writers of her era. A champion of individual freedom and equal rights, she left a lasting mark on Romantic literature through her social novels and a life that openly defied the conventions of her time.

Harriet Taylor Mill (1807-1858) est une philosophe et féministe britannique, figure majeure de la pensée libérale du XIXe siècle. Collaboratrice et épouse de John Stuart Mill, elle a profondément influencé ses œuvres, notamment sur la liberté individuelle et l'émancipation des femmes.

Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868-1921) est une astronome américaine qui découvrit la relation période-luminosité des étoiles céphéides, offrant à l'humanité un outil pour mesurer les distances dans l'univers. Travaillant comme « calculatrice humaine » à l'observatoire de Harvard, elle transforma l'astronomie malgré les discriminations liées à son genre.

Teacher and leading figure of the French anarchist movement (1830–1905), Louise Michel dedicated herself to educating poor children before becoming one of the heroines of the Paris Commune. Exiled and imprisoned for her revolutionary actions, she devoted her life to the struggle for social equality and the emancipation of the oppressed.

Polish-born French physicist and chemist (1867–1934). A pioneer in the study of radioactivity, she was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize and the only person to receive two Nobel Prizes in different scientific fields. Her discoveries revolutionized modern physics and chemistry.

Mary Anning est une paléontologue autodidacte anglaise qui, dès l'enfance, collectait des fossiles sur les falaises de Lyme Regis. Elle découvrit les premiers squelettes complets d'ichtyosaure et de plésiosaure, révolutionnant la compréhension des espèces disparues. Malgré ses contributions majeures, elle fut longtemps exclue des cercles scientifiques en raison de son sexe et de sa condition modeste.

A Giriama woman from Kenya, Mekatilili wa Menza led the resistance against British colonial rule during the 1913–1914 revolt. Arrested and deported, she escaped and continued fighting for her people's freedom.

A 19th-century Swahili poet born on the island of Pate (present-day Kenya), belonging to the Swahili culture of the East African coast. She is the author of the celebrated Utendi wa Mwana Kupona, a long didactic poem composed around 1858 for her daughter, first transmitted orally and later written down.

Russian revolutionary and educator (1869–1939), wife of Lenin and Bolshevik activist. She played a central role in Soviet educational policy after 1917, particularly in mass literacy campaigns and the reform of public schooling.

Princess, poet, and Fulani scholar of the Sokoto Caliphate (present-day Nigeria), daughter of reformer Usman dan Fodio. She wrote in Arabic, Fulfulde, and Hausa, and founded a network of traveling female teachers to educate rural women. A major figure of West African Islam in the 19th century.

The last queen (linguère) of the Waalo, a Wolof kingdom in Senegal, Ndate Yalla Mbodj fiercely resisted French expansion in the 1840s–1850s. An iconic figure of African pre-colonial resistance, she is celebrated in Wolof and Toucouleur oral traditions.

Journaliste américaine pionnière, Nellie Bly s'est illustrée par son journalisme d'investigation undercover, notamment en se faisant interner dans un asile psychiatrique pour en dénoncer les conditions. En 1889, elle réalise le tour du monde en 72 jours, battant le record fictif de Phileas Fogg.

painter (born 1989)

Selma Lagerlöf (1858-1940) was the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded in 1909. This Swedish author is best known for her novel 'The Wonderful Adventures of Nils', which has become a worldwide classic of children's literature.

Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891) was the first woman to earn a doctorate in mathematics in Europe and the first female professor of mathematics at a modern university. A pioneer in analysis and mechanics, she broke through the barriers of the male academic world to establish herself as a leading mathematician.

African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist

Dutch-born anarchist and feminist militant who emigrated to the United States, known for her correspondence with Emma Goldman in the 1890s–1900s. A prominent figure in New York's anarchist and labor circles at the end of the nineteenth century.

British author (1882–1941), Virginia Woolf is one of the most important figures in 20th-century modernist literature. Author of Mrs Dalloway and Orlando, she revolutionized the novel through her use of stream of consciousness and her pioneering reflections on feminism and the condition of women.

American poet and essayist (1929-2012), a major figure of literary feminism. Her work explores female identity, sexuality, and political commitment. She received the National Book Award in 1974 for “Diving into the Wreck”.

A South African anti-apartheid activist of Indian descent, Amina Cachalia devoted her life to fighting racial segregation in South Africa. A close ally of Nelson Mandela and the ANC, she was a leading figure in the Federation of South African Women.

African-American civil rights activist, philosopher, and university professor born in 1944 in Birmingham, Alabama. An iconic figure of the Black Power movement and intersectional feminism, she was imprisoned in 1970 before being acquitted. She remains a leading voice against systemic racism and social inequality.

French writer born in 1940, Annie Ernaux is known for her innovative approach to autofiction and auto-sociobiography. Her major work, A Man's Place (1983), traces her father's story and social journey, marking a turning point in contemporary French literature.

Assia Djebar, de son vrai nom Fatima-Zohra Imalayen, est une romancière et cinéaste algérienne de langue française. Pionnière de la littérature féminine maghrébine, elle donna une voix aux femmes algériennes à travers une œuvre mêlant mémoire, Histoire et féminisme. En 2005, elle fut la première femme maghrébine élue à l'Académie française.

Audre Lorde (1934-1992) was an American poet, essayist, and activist, a leading figure in Black feminism and the civil rights struggle. She theorized intersectionality before the term existed, championing the rights of Black women, LGBT people, and the oppressed.

Barbara McClintock est une généticienne américaine pionnière qui découvrit les éléments transposables, appelés « gènes sauteurs », dans le maïs dès les années 1940. Longtemps ignorée de la communauté scientifique, elle reçut le Prix Nobel de Physiologie ou Médecine en 1983, seule femme à l'avoir obtenu sans partage dans cette discipline.

Benazir Bhutto fut la première femme à diriger un gouvernement dans un pays à majorité musulmane, devenant Première ministre du Pakistan en 1988. Fille du Premier ministre Ali Bhutto, elle lutta contre les dictatures militaires et devint le symbole de la démocratie et des droits des femmes en Asie du Sud. Assassinée lors d'un attentat en 2007, elle reste une figure emblématique du courage politique.

American essayist and feminist activist (1921–2006), Betty Friedan transformed society with her book The Feminine Mystique (1963), which ignited the second wave of feminism in the United States. Co-founder of the National Organization for Women (NOW), she fought for equal rights for women.

Beyoncé is an American singer, songwriter, and producer born in 1981 in Houston, Texas. A former member of Destiny's Child, she became one of the most influential solo artists of the 21st century, blending R&B, pop, and hip-hop.

Chien-Shiung Wu est une physicienne expérimentale sino-américaine, surnommée « la Première Dame de la physique ». Son expérience de 1956 réfute la loi de conservation de la parité, bouleversant la physique des particules. Injustement écartée du Prix Nobel attribué à Lee et Yang pour cette découverte, elle reste une figure majeure de la physique du XXe siècle.

Christina Aguilera is an American singer, songwriter, and actress born in 1980. Breaking through in 1999, she established herself as one of the most powerful voices of her generation, blending pop, R&B, and soul. She became a symbol of female empowerment in the music industry at the turn of the 21st century.

French materialist feminist sociologist, Christine Delphy co-founded the Women's Liberation Movement in 1970. She theorized patriarchy as a system of economic exploitation of women and developed the concept of the domestic mode of production.

Clarice Lispector, née en Ukraine et élevée au Brésil, est l'une des plus grandes écrivaines de langue portugaise du XXe siècle. Son œuvre, profondément introspective, renouvelle la prose brésilienne par un style poétique et philosophique unique.

Dolores Huerta, née en 1930 en Nouvelle-Mexique, est une militante syndicale et des droits civiques américaine. Cofondatrice avec César Chávez de l'United Farm Workers (UFW), elle a défendu les droits des travailleurs agricoles migrants, majoritairement latinos. Son slogan « Sí, se puede ! » est devenu un symbole mondial de la lutte pour la justice sociale.

Donna Strickland est une physicienne canadienne, pionnière dans le domaine des lasers ultraintenses. En 1985, elle co-développe avec Gérard Mourou la technique d'amplification par dérive d'impulsions (CPA), révolutionnant la physique des lasers. En 2018, elle reçoit le prix Nobel de physique, devenant seulement la troisième femme à obtenir cette distinction.

French philosopher and historian, born in 1944, heiress to the Publicis group. She profoundly renewed thinking on the female condition, motherhood and identity, championing a universalist and republican feminism.

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf est devenue en 2006 la première femme élue présidente d'un État africain, dirigeant le Liberia après une longue guerre civile. Économiste de formation, elle a œuvré pour la reconstruction du pays et la réconciliation nationale, recevant le prix Nobel de la paix en 2011.

Eva Perón, épouse du président argentin Juan Perón, devint l'une des figures politiques les plus influentes d'Amérique latine. Symbole des descamisados (sans-chemise), elle lutta pour les droits des travailleurs et des femmes, obtenant notamment le droit de vote féminin en Argentine en 1947.

Freya Stark est une exploratrice et écrivaine britannique qui parcourut les régions les plus reculées du Moyen-Orient au XXe siècle. Première femme occidentale à atteindre certaines vallées d'Arabie et d'Iran, elle publia de nombreux récits de voyage alliant érudition et aventure. Son œuvre contribua à faire connaître le monde arabe en Europe.

Mexican painter (1907–1954), renowned for her expressionist self-portraits and works exploring physical pain and identity. An iconic figure of surrealism and feminism, she transformed her personal suffering into major artistic creation.

Gabriela Mistral, de son vrai nom Lucila Godoy Alcayaga, est une poétesse et diplomate chilienne. Première Latino-Américaine à recevoir le prix Nobel de littérature en 1945, elle a consacré son œuvre aux thèmes de l'amour maternel, de l'enfance et de l'identité latino-américaine.

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak est une philosophe et critique littéraire indienne, figure fondatrice des études postcoloniales. Connue pour son essai « Can the Subaltern Speak ? » (1988), elle interroge la capacité des dominés à se faire entendre dans les discours occidentaux. Elle est également la traductrice en anglais de « De la grammatologie » de Derrida.

Georgia O'Keeffe est une peintre américaine pionnière de l'art moderne, célèbre pour ses représentations abstraites de fleurs en gros plan et ses paysages du Nouveau-Mexique. Considérée comme la « mère du modernisme américain », elle a affirmé un style singulier, entre figuration et abstraction, tout au long d'une carrière de plus de sept décennies.

Germaine Tailleferre (1892-1983) was the only woman in the famous French musical collective known as 'Les Six'. A prolific composer, she created works for piano, orchestra, and opera, maintaining an elegant neoclassical style throughout a career spanning nearly seven decades.

A Franco-Tunisian lawyer and feminist activist, Gisèle Halimi championed the rights of women and colonized peoples throughout the twentieth century. She is best known for the Bobigny trial (1972) and her fight to decriminalize abortion in France.

A Quebec poet and writer born in 1958, Hélène Dorion is a leading figure in contemporary French-Canadian poetry. Her work, marked by introspection and meditation on nature and identity, explores themes of belonging and freedom.

Astrophysicienne britannique née en 1943, Jocelyn Bell découvrit en 1967 les pulsars — étoiles à neutrons émettant des signaux radio réguliers — lors de sa thèse de doctorat. Son directeur de thèse reçut le prix Nobel pour cette découverte, suscitant une controverse durable sur la reconnaissance des femmes en science.

Junko Tabei (1939-2016) est une alpiniste japonaise qui devient en 1975 la première femme à atteindre le sommet de l'Everest. Fondatrice du premier club d'alpinisme féminin au Japon, elle gravit également les plus hauts sommets des sept continents. Elle milita en faveur de la protection de l'environnement montagnard.

A twentieth-century Japanese mathematician, Kakutani Yoshie contributed to the growth of modern mathematics in Japan. She worked in an academic environment largely dominated by men, paving the way for women in the exact sciences in Japan.

American legal scholar and theorist born in 1959, she coined the concept of intersectionality in 1989, showing how racial, gender, and class discrimination intersect and mutually reinforce one another. A professor at UCLA and Columbia, she is one of the founders of Critical Race Theory.

Austro-Swedish physicist

American playwright and author (1930–1965), Lorraine Hansberry was the first Black woman to have a play produced on Broadway with *A Raisin in the Sun* (1959). A civil rights activist, she wove art and political commitment together in her fight against racial segregation.

Franco-American sculptor

Lioudmila Pavlitchenko est la sniper la plus létale de l'histoire, créditée de 309 tirs confirmés sur le front soviéto-allemand. Surnommée « Lady Death », elle devient un symbole de la résistance soviétique et une ambassadrice internationale dès 1942.

French writer, playwright, screenwriter, and filmmaker (1914–1996), Marguerite Duras is a major figure in contemporary literature. Author of The Lover, she revolutionized the novel form by exploring psychological introspection and the formal ruptures of the Nouveau Roman.

French writer (1903–1987), Marguerite Yourcenar is the author of Memoirs of Hadrian, a masterpiece of 20th-century literature. The first woman elected to the Académie française in 1980, she left a lasting mark on literature through her reflections on history and humanity.

An American actress, model, and singer, Marilyn Monroe became one of the major cultural icons of the 20th century. A symbol of Hollywood glamour and American consumer society in the 1950s–1960s, her tragic life continues to fuel conversations about the treatment of women in the entertainment industry.

Maryam Mirzakhani est la première femme à avoir remporté la médaille Fields en 2014, la plus haute distinction en mathématiques. Née en Iran, elle a révolutionné la compréhension des surfaces de Riemann et de la géométrie hyperbolique. Professeure à Stanford, elle est décédée d'un cancer à seulement 40 ans, laissant une œuvre mathématique majeure.

African-American poet, memoirist, and activist (1928–2014), Maya Angelou is best known for her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. A committed figure in the civil rights movement alongside Martin Luther King Jr., she became one of the most important voices in 20th-century American literature.

Michelle Bachelet, née en 1951 au Chili, est une médecin et femme politique qui fut la première femme présidente du Chili (2006-2010, puis 2014-2018). Militante des droits de l'homme, elle a aussi dirigé ONU Femmes et le Haut-Commissariat aux droits de l'homme de l'ONU.

Serbian mathematician and physicist (1875–1948), the first woman admitted to the physics program at the Zurich Polytechnic. First wife of Albert Einstein, she collaborated on his *annus mirabilis* papers of 1905, though her exact contribution remains debated.

Collective nickname for the prominent Togolese businesswomen who dominated the wax fabric market in Lomé from the 1960s onward. Iconic figures of female entrepreneurship in West Africa, they earned their nickname from the Mercedes-Benz cars they could afford thanks to their commercial fortunes.

Naomi Ōsaka is a Japanese-American professional tennis player born in 1997 in Osaka. A former world number 1, she has won four Grand Slam titles. She has also been a vocal advocate for social justice and athletes' mental health.

French writer of Russian origin (1900-1999), Nathalie Sarraute is a major figure of the French Nouveau Roman. She revolutionized the novel form by exploring movements of consciousness and the 'sub-conversations' that animate human relationships.

British activist and founder of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst led the English suffragist movement using radical methods. Her struggle led to British women gaining the right to vote in 1918.

Lawyer, civil rights activist, and African American feminist, Pauli Murray fought simultaneously against racial segregation and gender discrimination. In 1977, she became the first Black woman ordained as a priest in the American Episcopal Church.

Pratibha Patil is an Indian politician born in 1934 who became the first female President of India from 2007 to 2012. Trained as a lawyer, she was active within the Indian National Congress party and held numerous government positions before reaching the country's highest office.

Rihanna is a Barbadian singer, actress, and businesswoman born in 1988. She rose to international fame in the 2000s and became one of the best-selling music artists in history. She is also the founder of the Fenty Beauty and Savage X Fenty brands.

An Italian-American neurologist, Rita Levi-Montalcini discovered nerve growth factor (NGF), revolutionizing neurobiology. She won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1986, and continued her research despite fascist racial laws that forced her to work in secret. She remained active in science past the age of 100.

British molecular biologist (1920–1958), Rosalind Franklin made essential contributions to our understanding of DNA structure through her X-ray crystallography work. She is best known for Photo 51, a landmark image that revealed the double helix structure of DNA.

An American-Danish actress and singer born in 1984 in New York, Scarlett Johansson established herself in the 2000s as one of Hollywood's most influential actresses. She is also a producer and an advocate for feminist causes.

French philosopher and novelist (1908–1986), Simone de Beauvoir is a towering figure of existentialism and modern feminism. Author of The Second Sex, a foundational essay on the condition of women, she profoundly shaped philosophical thought and emancipatory movements throughout the 20th century.

French politician (1927-2017), Holocaust survivor, and Minister of Health under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. She is celebrated for championing the law decriminalizing abortion in France in 1975, a landmark victory for women's rights.

Sirimavo Bandaranaike was the first woman to become head of government in the world, elected Prime Minister of Ceylon in 1960. The widow of assassinated Prime Minister Solomon Bandaranaike, she succeeded him as leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and served in the role three times.

Susan Sontag (1933-2004) was a major American intellectual of the 20th century — essayist, novelist, and activist. Known for her reflections on photography, illness, and war, she profoundly shaped contemporary critical thought.

Tarana Burke is an American civil rights activist and founder of the #MeToo movement in 2006. She has dedicated her life to supporting survivors of sexual violence, particularly in underprivileged Black communities.

Taylor Swift is an American singer-songwriter born in 1989 in Pennsylvania. She began her career in country music before becoming one of the most influential pop artists of her generation. Her work explores universal themes such as love, identity, and female empowerment.

A towering figure of 20th-century African American literature, Toni Morrison wrote landmark novels exploring the Black American experience, particularly slavery and its lasting trauma. She received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993, becoming the first Black woman to be awarded that honor.

Vigdís Finnbogadóttir was elected President of Iceland in 1980, becoming the first woman in the world to be democratically elected head of state. Re-elected four times, she served until 1996 and became a global figure in feminism and cultural diplomacy.

A New Zealand Māori activist, Whina Cooper dedicated her life to defending her people's land rights. In 1975, at the age of 80, she led the great Māori Land March from Te Hapua to Wellington. Regarded as the 'Mother of the Nation' of the Māori people, she remains a symbol of peaceful resistance.

French politician, feminist activist, and France's first Minister for Women's Rights (1981–1986) under François Mitterrand. She passed legislation against sexism and strengthened the Veil law on abortion.

Icelandic singer, composer, and artist born in 1965 in Reykjavík, pioneer of experimental electronic music and avant-garde pop. She is also an actress, awarded at Cannes in 2000 for Dancer in the Dark.

Nigerian writer

Solange Knowles is an American singer, songwriter, and producer, a leading figure in alternative R&B and contemporary soul music. The younger sister of Beyoncé, she has established herself as a avant-garde artist celebrated for her album A Seat at the Table (2016).